Effect of pH Levels on the Growth of Bean Plants Essays

Effect of pH Levels on the Growth of Bean Plants Essays Effect of pH Levels on the Growth of Bean Plants Essay Effect of pH Levels on the Growth of Bean Plants Essay Different pH degree may impact the growing and development of the workss. Certain cardinal words include: pH degree. sprouting. sourness. osmosis and diffusion. This experiment examines the effects of different pH degree of acetum on the growing of bean workss. Materials used in this experiment consist of: H2O ( pH 6 ) . acetum with the pH degree of 3. 4 and 5 ( each one were made before experiment ) . beans. dirt. and pots. Eight bean workss were planted. two were watered with pH 6 and the other 1s were each watered with pH 5. pH 4 and pH 3 acetum. The consequences were that beans watered with pH 3 shrunk and began to decease. pH 4 beans were turning at a slow rate. beans watered with pH 5 grew at a reasonably normal gait and pH 6 grew the fastest. Overall. the more acidic the environment. the harder it is for workss to last. Introduction Sourness is the quality or province of being acerb ; pH below 7. Researching the different degrees of sourness affect works growing and development. the procedure of sprouting must happen to see the affects upon the growing of the beans. Germination is the procedure whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to turn. With the sourness expressed with pH degrees is the step of sourness or alkalinity of a solution. in deepness the step of the activity of dissolved H ions ( H+ ) . Following these constructs is the procedure of normal works growing. Plants require foods for growing. Their procedure depends on the indispensable foods of abundant sunshine. H2O. fertile dirt. and minerals6. To look into how the workss respond to alterations in the sourness of their environments. photosynthesis is another important construct involved. Photosynthesis is the a procedure by which energy from the Sun is trapped by chlorophyll and is subsequently converted to chemical energy with the cardinal reacta nts of H2O. C dioxide and light6. Osmosis is the diffusion of H2O in which the workss obtain their H2O and foods from3. Replacing H2O with acids of different pH degrees ( 1 being most acidic and 12 the most basic ) it is hypothesized that the lower the pH of the acid used to H2O the works the faster and more fatal for the works undergoing plasmolysis ( when the works cells diffuse H2O out to set up equilibrium in its environment ) to die. The workss watered with a lower pH solution either as declared dies or grows at a slower rate that the controlled workss of pH 6. The decision of this hypothesis was based off the cognition provide from the media about the effects of non merely planetary heating but besides acerb precipitation and their injuries. The procedure of this experiment was to imitate the existent acid precipitation of azotic and sulphuric acids in which was represented with vinegar solutions to detect the works responses to different environmental conditions. Materials and Equipment Eight bean plantsOne medium sized pot ( about 10-15 centimeters in diameter ) 4 little pots ( about 5-7 centimeter in diameter ) A battalion of wide-ranged pH paper ( is able to observe pH degrees of 0-12 ) About 500 milliliter of white vinegarThree 500 milliliter beakersTap waterA seting country with plentifulness of lightPlanting dirt mixTape and a marker to label the potsA rulerMethodsRefer to Figure 1 for the undermentioned set-up. The pots were filled with a seting dirt mix and one bean was planted into each of the little pots by forcing the beans about 2. 5 centimeter into the dirt and covering the hole with dirt. Two beans were planted in the medium sized pot with the same methods. Beans were embedded near the Centre of the pot to let room for the roots to widen and the beans that shared a pot were planted near the Centre. about 2 centimeters apart. Figure 1: Experimental Set UpFigure 1 shows the experimental set up for this probe ( the distance of the seeds from the soil’s surface and the distance between seeds sharing a pot. The pots were placed in an country with tonss of visible radiation ( under lamps ) and were watered with tap H2O until the beans germinated and grew to about 5cm. The beans germinated at different times and therefore the workss were different tallness when the independent variables ( the pH of the solution they were watered with ) were added. While the workss were shooting and turning. an observation tabular array based on Figure 2 was created to enter the undermentioned variables: Date. pH. tallness. coloring material. form. and other information. Figure 2: Observation Table templateFigure 2 shows the templet for an observation tabular array needed to enter informations collected from this probe. The tallness. coloring material and form were variables that depended on the pH ( the independent variable ) . and so by pull stringsing the pH degree. the dependent variables were besides manipulated. Solutions with different pH solutions were created in order to pull strings the independent variable. Mention to Postpone 1 for the ratios needed to make the pH solutions. Note that because pat water’s pH may be different depending on the H2O supply. it is best to follow Table 1. and prove the pH utilizing pH paper. If the pH degree is right. so add more H2O or acid consequently. Table 1: Ratios needed for pH solutionspHVolume of Tap WaterVolume of VinegarpH 3None250 mLpH 4500 mL50 mLpH 5500 mL5 mLpH 6500 mLNoneTable 1 shows the volumes of tap H2O and acetum needed to do the pH solutions. When the workss grew to the appropriate tallness. each pot was labelled with the pH degree which they would be watered with. Two of the little plats in the little pots would be watered with a pH 3 solution. and so those pots were labelled as pH 3 . Two pH 3 workss were needed because it produced a consequence that was highly different from the other workss. and so the consequence needed to be confirmed. The workss in the staying little pots were labelled pH 4 and pH5 . The medium sized pot was labelled Control . as it would be watered with tap H2O instead than a diluted acid. The control workss helped stress the alterations uses to the independent variable ( the pH degree ) caused in the dependant variable ( the tallness ) . Again. two workss were needed for the control in order to corroborate the consequences. After labelling was completed. the information listed in Figure 2 was recorded in the observation tabular array. The tallness was measured utilizing a swayer. Watering began after the first set of informations was recorded. Each works was watered with the pH solution indicated by their labels. There should be merely adequate solution to wet the immediate country around the root of the works. The workss were watered one time ( each ) every two of three yearss. and information was recorded each clip the workss were watered. Watering continued for two hebdomads until 8 sets of informations were recorded ( informations for 8 yearss ) . Observations and Consequences All of the workss except for those watered with a pH 3 solution grew at different rates. ensuing from the differences in the pH degrees of the solutions used to H2O the workss. The controlled plants’ ( workss watered with tap H2O ) grew much faster than most of the other workss. This represented the growing rate of workss in a normal’ environment in which the independent variable ( the pH degree of H2O ) has non been manipulated. By comparing the other workss with the controlled workss. a better decision can be reached. The growing rate of the other workss can be compared with the growing rate of either controlled workss reflected in Figure 3: Figure 3: The Growth Rate of pH 6 works BFigure 3 shows the tallness of pH 6 works B over the span of two hebdomads. The controlled works grew about exponentially over the span of two hebdomads. As reflected in Figure 3. Plant B have a slower growing rate near the beginning of the probe. and towards the center and near the terminal. the works experienced really fast growing. Because this works was watered with a controlled stuff ( tap H2O ) . it is seen as the normal growing of a bean works. It was hypothesized that the workss watered with a lower pH solution would either dice before the other workss would. or would turn much slower than the other workss. As reflected in Table 2. the workss watered with the pH 3 solution began deceasing within 2 yearss. while the other workss remained alive. Although the other workss remained alive for the continuance other the probe. the rate of growing still differed from works to works. For illustration. when the probe began. the pH 5 works and the pH 4 works were the same tallness ( mention to Table 2 ) . However. as irrigating with acids began. the pH 5 works continued to turn. but the pH 4 works would stay the same ( or around the same ) tallness for about the full probe. and merely grew a sum of 2 centimeter at the terminal of the probe. The different between the pH 4 and the pH 5 workss are shown in Figure 4: Figure 4: Comparison of the growing rates of the pH 5 works and the pH 4 plantFigure 4 shows the tallness of each works for each twenty-four hours recorded. Discussion portion 1The hypothesis was right. that the beans watered with the more acidic acetum died faster. During the procedure. the bean that was H2O with pH 3 easy shrunk and shrivelled up. However. the bean that was H2O with pH 6 neer shrunk or shrivelled. alternatively it grew the fastest and healthiest. Mention to Postpone 2. the form shown was that the more acidic the solution is. the less likely the workss will last in that environment. The independent variable ( pH levelled solutions ) affected the dependant variable ( the workss. in this instance the beans ) as predicted. Due to the low pH degree. the beans watered with it bit by bit shrunk and dried up. In comparing. the beans watered with the higher pH degree ( pH 6 ) . grew tall and healthy looking. In the terminal. the independent variable. the pH degree affected the growing of the dependant variable. the beans as expected. Discussion portion 2The information gathered shows the consequence of acid on bean workss. It was hypothesized that the workss watered with an acidic solution would turn slower than the control works because acid can denature proteins and cause harm to cells and tissue. As hypothesized. the workss watered with a lower pH solution either died really rapidly or grew at a much slower rate than the controlled works. As reflected in the informations recorded on the concluding twenty-four hours of the probe ( Table 2 ) . the closer to neutral the solution the workss were watered with. the taller and faster they grew ( as reflected in Figure 5 ) : Discussion portion 3Although. the consequences of the workss in sourness conditions were accurately hypothesized. experimental mistake may hold occurred. Meaning if any experimental mistakes occurred they have non impacted the consequences. However. in the procedure of sprouting of the bean workss several reverses aroused. For case. irrigating the seeds in the pot may hold been excessively heavy and may hold leeched the seed farther down the pot doing its decease. Other times were where outside interventions may hold removed the germinated workss from its pot. Looking at the chief processs of this experiment the deficiency of supervising of the acids made have weakened or beef up their pH as outside elements were exposed to them when the parafilms has ripped or ruptured. This changes the consequence of dirt pH which is great on the solubility of minerals or foods. As 14 of the 17 indispensable works foods are obtained from the soil5. Some workss if shared a pot is another factor that may hold affected the consequences a small as competition for foods occurred. Other incidences like supplying abundant sunshine to the workss. as the sunshine was mimicked by fluorescent light the workss at the terminals may hold obtained l ess light for their procedure of photosynthesis. Procedural mistakes may hold impacted the consequences more than instrumental mistakes ; nevertheless it was non equal plenty to obtain false consequences as proved in figure 5. As the intent of this lab was to imitate existent acid precipitation it relates greatly to the society. economic system and the environment. The consequence of this experiment proves to be a direct impact on the environment as it can destroy or kill off works flora. Get downing off from the industries ( economic system ) that pollute the ambiance with emanations of air pollutants like C monoxide. N dioxide and S dioxide that besides earnestly affect the wellness in kids. the aged. and people with bosom and lung conditions4. It contributes the formation of acid rain which in this instance is the aim of the experiment. Our mimics of acerb precipitation affect ponds. lakes. and streams that lead to non merely the disappearing of flora but carnal life excessively. In one instance. the sulphuric acid works discovered to hold cost a sum of two million dollars charged on DuPont and Lucite International Inc. to the United States and the province of West Virginia on April 2009. Not merely have the chemical fabrication composite made alterations to their works in 1996 without first obtaining pre-construction licenses and installation required pollution control equipment their works emits 98. 7 dozenss of sulphuric acerb mist. 86. 1 dozenss of N dioxide and 212. 4 dozenss of C monoxide that contributes to smog each year4. This experiment provided direct importance to the responds of emanations and pollution even thought it was merely the usage of acetum. Figure 5: Comparison of the Final Height of Each plantFigure 5 shows the tallness of each works on the concluding twenty-four hours of the probe ( May 1st. 2009 ) . Acid likely affects the plants’ wellness and growing because they could make environments which make denature proteins in the workss. As workss absorb H2O and foods from their roots. protein in works cells could be exposed to low pH degrees. Besides. because acids are solutions. they could set the workss in a hypertonic environment in which there are more solutes outside of the cell than dissolvers. Plant cells undergo osmosis ( the diffusion of H2O ) in order to obtain H2O and foods. Osmosis normally occurs down a concentration gradient. significance that the cell would seek to set up homeostasis by spreading H2O in or out of the cell to equalise the concentration of each environment. Because there are solutes in the acids used to H2O the workss. it lowers the concentration of H2O in the dirt. To seek and set up homeostasis. the cells would spread H2O out. This environment would do non merely the works to retain less H2O than a works that has been watered with tap H2O. but it would do the works to lose H2O. doing plasmolysis ( in which the cells shrivel ) . As seen in Figure 5. there are still some incompatibilities in the correlativity between works tallness and sourness. For illustration. although Plant A was more impersonal than pH 5 Plant. it is shorter. This is a consequence of several factors: Plant A had germinated subsequently than pH 5. and so would be lagging’ behind in footings of growing. and Plant A besides shared a pot with Plant B. which may hold competed with Plant A for foods and growing room for roots. Although the beans were planted a just distance apart. roots can turn past that distance. Another incompatibility is that. although sourness degree ( the figure of H ions released in solution ) addition or diminish ten-fold per pH degree. some degrees have growing forms that are more likewise than others. despite the pH difference of merely one. For illustration. the works watered with a pH 5 solution has experienced 10 times more sourness ( 10 times more hydrogen ions ) than the larger controlled works ( which germinated at around the same clip as the pH 5 works ) . Despite this. the workss grew at a similar gait. and the difference in their concluding tallness is little. as reflected in Figure 6 and Table 2. Figure 6: Comparison of the growing rate of Control Plant B and pH 5 PlantFigure 6 shows the tallness of each respective works on the yearss recorded. pH degrees further from impersonal have a wider scope of effects on the works. nevertheless. The ratio of H ions in the acid irrigating the pH 4 Plant and the pH 3 Plants were the same was the ratio between the controlled works ( B ) and the pH 5 Plant. but the different in wellness and growing of the pH 4 Plant and the pH 3 Plants were drastically different. as reflected in Table 2. Although the pH 4 Plant grew much slower than the control works ( B ) and the pH 5 Plant. it still remained alive and reasonably healthy ( as reflected in the Shape and Colour columns of Table 2 ) . The pH 3 Plants. on the other manus. died or began to decease merely two yearss after it was watered with pH 3 acid. As reflected in the Shape and Colour columns of Table 2. while the pH 4 Plant maintained its healthy coloring material and form. both pH 3 Plants became really dried-up and the coloring material became really unsaturated. These consequences could be explained by experimental mistake. The pH solutions used to H2O the workss were unsupervised. and although parafilms were used. they frequently broke. leting outside elements to fall into the solution. This could alter to pH degree of the acids. The solutions were non tested for their sourness aside from the initial readying for the probe. This could intend that the pH 5 solution had become less acidic than earlier. or the pH 3 solution had become more acidic than earlier. Furthermore. acids affect different workss otherwise. Although all of the workss were of the same species. they could still possess allelomorphs that make them somewhat unique from each other. It is possible that these allelomorphs could impact how acerb affects the plants’ growing. Rubin. Ken. Effect of Acid Rain on Plants. SOEST| School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. 13 May 2009. Rubin. Ken. Effect of Acid Rain on Plants. SOEST| School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. 13 May 2009. ? Galbraith. Donald. Leesa Blake. Jean Bullard. Anita Chetty. and Eric Grace. McGraw-Hill Ryerson Biology 11. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited. 2001. Print. 4 Sulfuric Acid Plant Emissions Cost Dupont and Lucite $ 2 Million. Environment News Service 20 Apr 2009 Web. 14 May 2009. . 5 Soil pH: What it Means. SUNY-ESF E-Center. 2009. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. 14 May 2009. 6 Paillai. Maya. Plant Growth Procedure: How does a Plant Grow? . Buzzle. com. 17 June 2008. 14 May 2009.

Patrocinio green card, copatrocinadores y sustitutos

Patrocinio green card, copatrocinadores y sustitutos Para Inmigracià ³n es patrocinador el ciudadano o el residente permanente que solicita los papeles para un familiar para que à ©ste obtenga la tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card. Las personas que patrocinan a sus familiares adquieren unas responsabilidades que duran por aà ±os. La ley permite al patrocinador buscar co-patrocinadores o sustitutos cuando no ingresa la cantidad mà ­nima exigida ni tiene patrimonio suficiente. Puntos Clave: Patrocinio de la tarjeta de residencia Para sacar la tarjeta de residencia por familia es necesario el patrocinio de un familiar.Tipos de patrocinio:Patrocinador: ciudadano o residente que pide a familiarCo-patrocinador: puede ser un familiar pero no es necesario. En este caso, patrocinador y co-patrocinador son responsables conjuntamente del migrante pedido.Patrocinador sustituto: cuando el patrocinador fallece. Solo se admite familiares del migrante o representantes legales del mismo. Obligaciones legales del patrocinador El ciudadano o residente que se convierte en patrocinador es responsable econà ³micamente frente: el gobiernola persona patrocinada, es decir, el inmigrante que ha obtenido la green card porque fue pedida por el patrocinador. Esto quiere decir, por un lado, que si el inmigrante patrocinado recibe un beneficio pà ºblico calificado como means-tested por el gobierno federal, estatal o local, entonces la agencia del gobierno puede reclamar el costo al patrocinador. Y si este no paga, puede demandarlo en corte. Tienen consideracià ³n de beneficios means-tested, entre otros, los siguientes: los cupones de alimentos  (food stamps, en inglà ©s o SNAP), los Ingresos Suplementarios de Seguridad, conocido como SSI por sus siglas en inglà ©s, Medicaid, TANF y el seguro mà ©dico estatal SCHIP. Por otro lado, el inmigrante patrocinado puede exigir al patrocinador que lo mantenga. Y si no cumple, puede demandarlo. Cabe destacar que esta obligacià ³n puede continuar en el caso de green card por matrimonio incluso despuà ©s del divorcio de la pareja.  ¿Por quà © el patrocinador tiene esta obligacià ³n? El patrocinador tiene esta obligacià ³n porque durante el proceso para patrocinar a su familiar firma el documento I-864, tambià ©n conocido como affidavit of support o declaracià ³n de mantenimiento. Este es un documento imprescindible. Si no se firma, no puede seguir adelante la tramitacià ³n. Es necesario destacar que es, en realidad, un contrato entre el patrocinador y el gobierno. Por lo tanto, cualquier acuerdo privado entre el patrocinador y el inmigrante patrocinado a este respecto es nulo. En otras palabras, el patrocinador siempre responde ante el gobierno por los gastos pà ºblicos que el inmigrante cause por utilizar algà ºn beneficio de los considerados como means-tested. En los casos de peticià ³n con ajuste de estatus, el affidavit of support se firma en ese momento. Sin embargo, en los de peticiones a travà ©s del procedimiento consular, esta declaracià ³n de sostenimiento se firma en el momento en el que asà ­ lo solicite el Centro Nacional de Visas (NVC, por sus siglas en inglà ©s).  ¿Cunto dura la obligacià ³n del patrocinador? Esta obligacià ³n dura hasta que el inmigrante patrocinado se convierte en ciudadano estadounidense a travà ©s del proceso que se conoce como naturalizacià ³n o hasta que el inmigrante los 40 crà ©ditos cotizados, es decir, en la mayorà ­a de los casos eso significa llevar aproximadamente 10 aà ±os trabajando. La obligacià ³n del patrocinador deja de existir en el caso que llegue antes  de los 2 anteriores.   Es importante tener en cuenta que en el caso de patrocinador que solicita la green cad para el cà ³nyuge, el divorcio no pone fin a la obligacià ³n, sino que continà ºa hasta que se produzca la naturalizacià ³n del inmigrante o los 40 crà ©ditos cotizados.  ¿Quà © son los co-patrocinadores? En los casos en los que el ciudadano americano o un residente quiere pedir los papeles para un familiar pero no tiene ingresos y/o patrimonio suficiente para el affidavit of support es posible tener co-patrocinadores. La ley permite 2 supuestos. En primer lugar, otro miembro de la familia que reside habitualmente en el mismo hogar que el ciudadano o residente que solicita los papeles. Y en segundo lugar, otra persona que no tiene que ser pariente. Estos son los casos que se conocen como joint-sponsor, por su nombre en inglà ©s. A la hora de firmar el affidavit of support hay que fijarse porque hay variaciones segà ºn la categorà ­a de patrocinador que presenta los papeles, miembro del hogar el patrocinador o co-patrocinador que reside en otro hogar, sea o no pariente. En el caso de que se patrocine a un inmigrante que emigra acompaà ±ado por su familia, puede haber 2 joint-sponsor. En todo caso, cada uno por separado debe ingresar o tener patrimonio suficiente para patrocinar. En los casos en los que se utiliza un joint-sponsor, el patrocinador, es decir, el que pide los papeles para su familiar, debe tambià ©n firmar su propio documento de affidavit of support. Y tanto el patrocinador como el joint-sponsor son responsables econà ³micamente del migrante pedido. Patrocinador sustituto Cuando un ciudadano o un residente solicita los papeles para un familiar y despuà ©s fallece, el proceso puede continuar si se dan 3 requisitos: El documento de peticià ³n que se conoce como I-130 se aprobà ³ ANTES del fallecimientoEl Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS) admite que continue la tramitacià ³nOtra persona se compromete a responder econà ³micamente por el inmigrante y firma el affidavit of support. Esta persona serà ­a el patrocinador sustituto. Sin embargo, no cualquier persona puede ser patrocinador sustituto sino que la ley pide que entre à ©ste y el migrante se dà © alguna de las siguientes relaciones: cà ³nyuge, padre, madre, suegro, suegra, hermano/a, hijo/a, yerno, nuera, cuà ±ado/a, abuelo/a o guardin legal del inmigrante. Requisitos para ser patrocinador,  co-patrocinador o patrocinador sustituto Tanto el patrocinador como el joint-sponsor tiene que ser mayor de 18 aà ±os, ciudadano o residente y residir en los Estados Unidos o uno de sus territorios, como por ejemplo Puerto Rico.   Si el ciudadano no se encuentra en esos momentos en Estados Unidos, deber probar que su estadà ­a en otro paà ­s es temporal y que conserva el domicilio en el paà ­s. Frecuentemente, los ciudadanos estadounidenses que residen fuera del paà ­s y deciden regresarse con sus cà ³nyuges extranjeros se encuentran con el problema de que no pueden probar ingresos suficientes para patrocinar, ya que USCIS pide que los ingresos se produzcan en EE.UU. y que se puedan probar mediante la presentacià ³n de las planillas tax returns. Aunque pide un mà ­nimo de un aà ±o y un mximo de tres, deber presentarse uno, dos o tres segà ºn lo que resulte ms conveniente segà ºn las circunstancias personales del patrocinador de la green card. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Non verbal communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Non verbal communication - Essay Example However others feel comfortable Eye contact alters the meaning of other nonverbal actions. For instance people tend to adjust their sense of personal space by limiting their eye contact according to Huber, Spatz and Balduzzivv (36). Eye contact is a very sensitive aspect of nonverbal behavior. Posture which is the way an individual position themselves is very sensitive as it communicates various messages. For instance kneeling, stiff and cringing, each of these communicate different messages. Locomotion is the way of physical movement in a given space also implies various meanings and also affects the feeling of those doing the movement. However this is less sensitive as people may make same movement but have different meaning for the movement. On the other hand, pacing this refers to the manner in which an action is carried out, for instance; walk, run, skip or climb. People may act in a similar way but imply different meanings in their action as suggested by Huber, Spatz and Balduzzivv (36). For instance one may run to lose weight while another may run due to urgency. The ability t express yourself nonverbally s very important for ever one whether we can talk or not. How you express yourself nonverbally and read other people’s nonverbal expressions is very important. Your body appearance at the time of communication is exchanged s depended on the intonation in which the message is conveyed. Nonverbal communication is one of the important aspects in as far as conveying confidence and sure assurance when meeting with other people as suggested by Blatner (1). Nonverbal communication usually complements the verbal communication although sometimes it may contradict. Using nonverbal communication may act as a substitute to verbal communication. The ability to use nonverbal cues also helps in accenting verbal communication as verbal tones show the real meaning of

Testing (HRM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Testing (HRM) - Essay Example To be effective in meeting long term objectives of the organization, human resource system must fulfil at least two needs of organizational objectives: (1) accurate forecasting the human resource requirements and (2) providing management with the tools and knowledge for sound personnel decisions. These two decisions serve as the foundation of the selection process that defines and measures the potential of the job candidate. Appropriate selection process saves the organization from severe damage that can be done to the careers of individuals and to the organization's human resource by procedures if classified individuals inappropriately. The labels attached to employees as a result of such procedures often dog their footsteps throughout their work life with the organization. It is not uncommon for supposedly infallible 'high potentials' to find that they cannot perform effectively in a different functional department or in positions with increased responsibility. It is in such failure-prone situations that work 'burnout' begins to appear and, depending on the organization's human resource policy, the afflicted individual may either be given extended leave and advice to seek help, put out to pasture in some non-sensitive position, or ruthlessly severed from the payroll. Just as bad, and more difficult to document, is the number of 'low potentials' who are never given the opportunity to try out for other positions (Baehr, 1992, p. 7). The sad results of the procedures are the flawed careers of individuals and the irresponsible expenditure of the organization's human resource. The Testing Process The testing process allows the organization to measure the standards of the individual as an employee so that his personal organizational practices at time of recruiting and selection inform the organization about his professional and behavioural capabilities. These effects generalize from the specific practices to a wide range of perceptions and work-related attitudes. For example, applicants form impressions upon the organization of general personnel practices, anticipated treatment by the supervisor, expected interactions with peers and perceptions of the organization climate. The results show clear conflicts between the organization's interest in obtaining valid information and attracting the individual versus the individual's interest in gathering information for his or her own decision-making process. Nevo (1989) has analyzed three solid reasons for gathering information from examinees about their reactions to testing procedures. First, it is in the moral rights of the examinees to be given a chance to express their opinions, secondly it is practically in their interest to be useful to find out what they think and, theoretically, it is interesting to learn about examinee's reactions from psychological point of view (Schuler et al, 1993, p. 65). Physical Ability Tests Physical ability tests provide us the means and measures to evaluate the physical abilities of an individual in context with the physical ability required to perform a particular job. An example is that of an employer who want to evaluate

Explain the European motivations for exploration and conquest of the New World Essay Example for Free

Explain the European motivations for exploration and conquest of the New World Essay The discovery of the New World happened to coincide with the spread of European power and culture around the known world. This spread was the result of various developments that had occurred, particularly the following: â€Å"the explosive growth of trade, towns, and modern corporations; the religious zeal generated by the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation;†1 as well as the usual reasons of â€Å"greed, conquest, racism, and slavery. †2 By the time of the 1400s, these and other forces combined to make Europeans search for new lands to conquer and settle, as well as for new people to convert, civilize, or exploit. 3 Columbus’ various voyages to the New World opened the door for more exploration and settlement of the New World. The first European power to make concerted efforts to explore the New World was Spain, and they had three distinct motives: to win over converts to Catholicism; to conquer land; and, to get rich. 4 Eventually following Spain were England and France, both of which had similar motives: to extend their empires into the New World, as well as profit from the establishment of colonies in the New World. Clearly, then, the ultimate goal of exploration and conquest in the New World was to increase power and wealth. 2. Explain the religious persecutions in England that pushed the Separatists into Plymouth and the Quakers into Pennsylvania. Explain how England’s Glorious Revolution also prompted changes in the colonies. The Separatists, also known as the Pilgrims, were forced out of England due to their religious beliefs. They were part of the â€Å"most uncompromising sect of Puritans†¦who had severed all ties with the Church of England. †5 They felt that the Church of England was not completely separated from the Catholic Church. Speaking out against the Church of England led to persecutions by King James I and Anglican officials. 6 The Separatists then fled to Holland, but while there, felt that their children were becoming too Dutch and straying from their staunch Puritan beliefs. As a result, they secured a land patent from the Virginia Company and in 1620, sailed to America. 7 The Quakers were the â€Å"most influential of many radical groups that sprang from†¦the English Civil War. †8 They carried further than any other group the doctrine of â€Å"individual spiritual inspiration and interpretation,† which they called â€Å"the inner light. †9 Doing away with many of the trappings of the Church of England, the Quakers embraced a simple way of life and were extremely pacifist. 10 This did not coincide with the ways of the Anglican Church, and thus, they were persecuted a great deal. They chose to leave England and settle in the New World, where they would be able to practice their beliefs without fear of reprisal. First establishing the colony of New Jersey, they soon migrated to the opposite side of the Delaware River and established the colony of Pennsylvania. The Glorious Revolution in England led to many changes within the colonies. The colonies that had been absorbed into the Dominion of New England – Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey – all reverted to their former governments. 11 They were also able to retain their former status, â€Å"except Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth, which†¦were united under a new charter in 1691 as the royal colony of Massachusetts Bay. †12 Another change was the passage of the Bill of Rights and the Toleration Act in England in 1689, both of which â€Å"limited the powers of the country’s monarchs and affirmed a degree of freedom of worship for all Christians, thereby influencing attitudes – and the course of events – in the colonies. †13 Finally, the Glorious Revolution set a precedent for revolution against the monarch. In other words, it laid the groundwork for the American Revolution, which would free the colonies from British rule. 14 5. Explain how and why the British won the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War was the last of four major wars involving the European powers and their New World colonies. 15 In this particular war, the cause of contention was upper Ohio River valley. Controlled by the French, they became irate when some Virginians moved into the territory to make trade with the Indians easier, as well as to survey land granted to them by King George III. 16 Attempts to warn off the French failed, and eventually warfare broke out in the disputed area. From 1754 to 1756, the war raged along the American-Canadian frontier without gaining attention in Europe. 17 From 1756 until the war ended, it would be merged with the Seven Years’ War in Europe. 18 The change in status of the French and Indian War coincided with a change within the British government. William Pitt became Prime Minister of Britain, and under his leadership, the British would defeat the French. Allied with the Indians, who wanted the French out of their territory, the British utilized their superior naval fleet to cut off French reinforcements and supplies to the New World. 19 The decisive point of the war was the Battle of Quebec in 1759. After two months of attempting to break French defenses, the British were able to find a path that allowed them to get closer to the French camp. In the battle that followed, the British routed the French, thus ending French power in North America. 20

One Scary Night :: essays research papers

The One Scary Night Once upon a time there was a girl and a boy that lived in a small town of Roughville. They were best friends. They did every thing together – sleep, eat, just everything. There were about 700 people in the Roughville. Most of which were hard workers in the town next to Roughville. This is was where all the businesses were located and most of the people worked there. So most of the times they were left alone with the caregiver. Jack and Katie usually got up around 9 o’clock to go and see what Katie was up to and they would got outside and play at the woods over by the end of town. One day during the summer they went on there usually route and went into the wood. Walking around having a good time they heard a weird noise and all of a sudden stop and shut up trying not to make a noise. After they stopped and listen to what they heard they heard a man talking sometime. But who every the other person was didn’t make a sound but some type of deep slow whisper but it wa s not English. Then they heard the noise start walking again but this time walking straight towards them. So they ran there fastest to their house and ran to their room and started talking about was happen. Jack’s caregivers LaKisha came into the room and ask what was going on coming in the house and running straight towards your room. â€Å" What is wrong,† said LaKisha. Then Jack and Katie started to tell what happen and LaKisha didn’t believe was they were saying and told them not to lie and not to go back in the woods ever again. So later that day Jack and Katie when back into the woods to look around to see if they could find any clues so they could show LaKisha. Walking around in the bushes Jack thought he saw something up ahead. He stopped and told Katie what was going on. She said that she saw it too. So they both walked up to what they saw and as they got closer and closer they saw that it was a old rusted and beat up house. So they went up to the house and looked around to see what was in the house. They couldn’t see any thing and it was getting dark outside and they started to leave and they would come back another time. One Scary Night :: essays research papers The One Scary Night Once upon a time there was a girl and a boy that lived in a small town of Roughville. They were best friends. They did every thing together – sleep, eat, just everything. There were about 700 people in the Roughville. Most of which were hard workers in the town next to Roughville. This is was where all the businesses were located and most of the people worked there. So most of the times they were left alone with the caregiver. Jack and Katie usually got up around 9 o’clock to go and see what Katie was up to and they would got outside and play at the woods over by the end of town. One day during the summer they went on there usually route and went into the wood. Walking around having a good time they heard a weird noise and all of a sudden stop and shut up trying not to make a noise. After they stopped and listen to what they heard they heard a man talking sometime. But who every the other person was didn’t make a sound but some type of deep slow whisper but it wa s not English. Then they heard the noise start walking again but this time walking straight towards them. So they ran there fastest to their house and ran to their room and started talking about was happen. Jack’s caregivers LaKisha came into the room and ask what was going on coming in the house and running straight towards your room. â€Å" What is wrong,† said LaKisha. Then Jack and Katie started to tell what happen and LaKisha didn’t believe was they were saying and told them not to lie and not to go back in the woods ever again. So later that day Jack and Katie when back into the woods to look around to see if they could find any clues so they could show LaKisha. Walking around in the bushes Jack thought he saw something up ahead. He stopped and told Katie what was going on. She said that she saw it too. So they both walked up to what they saw and as they got closer and closer they saw that it was a old rusted and beat up house. So they went up to the house and looked around to see what was in the house. They couldn’t see any thing and it was getting dark outside and they started to leave and they would come back another time.

Science Laboratory Report

>The results of the lab were very accurate because the r action of the enzymes in hot water were actually very quick and in cold water the enzyme mess seemed to react very slow. Background: So far from what we have learned from 3. 2. 1 about enzymes is that they are substances that produce a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring a SP specific biochemical reaction. Enzymes are very important because they control the s peed of chemical reactions in the body, but also enzymes are made out of amino acid s and have a lock and key basics.What this does is that it lock the enzymes and the key substance and the only way it will react is by inducing the correct substrate, which plays a role in determining the final shape of the enzyme and so the enzyme partially flexible. Chemical digestion is a process in which food is being broken down by chemic in our bodies like saliva and enzymes. Besides their being enzymes there are also consumes which support the functions of enzymes, they loosely bind to enzyme mess to help them complete their activities, they are nonprofit, and they are organic molecules.Our goal in the experiment was to see the different reaction that happen to enzymes while being at different temperatures. For an example when we did the lab we saw that the pressure in warm water was high which lets us know that enzyme nature at a warm temperature, and we placed some ice on the beaker the temperature began to decrease and when we took the pressure, the result SSH owed that the enzymes reacted very slow which seems to give us a very obvious result. When enzymes are in a cold temperature they tend to have less energy and have a I ate reaction.Hypothesis: My hypothesis on this experiment was that enzymes would move very fast in warm temperature and that in a cold temperature the enzymes would be MO vying slow or like being stiff and that their reaction would decrease from what it would reach at a high temperature. Materials and Methods: 1. Use a 600 m l beaker and fill it up with warm water up 250 ml. 2. Use a thermometer that measures in Celsius, take the temperature of the water, results should be around 19 co 3. SE a hot plate and heat it up to a low temperature and then place the beaker with the thermometer on the hot plate and let it sit their for 5 minutes 4. After 5 minutes have passed remove the beaker from the hot plate take a look at your experiment, the temperature of the water should've gone up unlike the group, their results were chic 5. Avian the beaker removed from the hot plate, make sure you get a flask that is 125 ml. 6. Fill the flask with 50 ml of hydrogen peroxide and place it inside the 600 ml beaker. 7. Once you have done that use the fernier to measure the gas pressure 8. You need to connect the USB cable to your computer and the other end of the cable connect it to the labiates box and connect the cable to channel 1 9. After connecting the gas pressure sensor open the program on your computer and make sur e you're starting off with a blank graph 10. Then grab the gas pressure sensor and connect it to labiates box with a lack cable. After doing that grab the valve and the rubber stopper. 11. Once you have everything connected the fernier use a microcomputer that measures 2020041 12. SE a pipette and put it on the microcomputer and absorb 10041 of catalyst 13. Poor the amount of catalyst in the in the flask and quickly and cover the flask with the rubber stopper. 14. Make sure you put pressure on the rubber stopper and click the green button on the computer which begins to graph. 15. You should only do this for 200 seconds and wants you're done you click on the red icon which means stop and then print out your results. 16. You Should now do a cold water bath and to be able to do this you need ice and fresh new enzymes and hydrogen peroxide.Make sure you dump out all the liquids you used and get fresh ones. 17. Remember thou should fill the beaker with 250 ml of cold water and pour 50 m l of hydrogen peroxide in the flask. You should have some ice and put some in the beaker and take the temperature of the cold ice water, you should NOT use the hydrogen peroxide yet. 18. After 5 minutes the temperature that the group recorded at first, was ICC Make sure you record your results 20. After taking the temperature of the water. Owe you should take the hydrogen peroxide and get it close to the temperature of the water. 1 . 19. Get the flask that contains the hydrogen peroxide and place it back In the beaker, let it sit there for about 10 minutes. 22. When 10 minutes have passed you should now use the fernier and repeat steps 715 again. Rest Its: The results of this experiment was that the enzymes react very slow in cold w eater and that in hot water the enzymes have more energy and are able to move m such faster. The slope in the graph for hot water was y=0. 0119 and so that was the change e for every second and the slope for cold water was 0. 03 which lets you know that the c hanger in both slopes was decreased from what you can see, Results of the different temperatures in Celsius cold water coco hot water coco cold ice water cold ice water beaker/flask Discussion: We already know that enzymes denature do to the type of temperature there at The results of the graph for hot and cold water show that the pressure thee r is when the enzyme is found at a hot or cold temperature. The important liquids that we used in this experiment was O 2 ( hydrogen peroxide) and the catalyst. The enzymes destroy hydrogen peroxide by breaking it down.

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 37

CHAPTER THIRTY-SEVEN A Whaley Death Nate was five more days alone in the apartment before they came for him. It started at dawn on the sixth day, when he noticed a group of whaley boys gathering around below his window. There had been humans out on the streets since the day he'd told Cielle about the Colonel's plan, but Gooville hadn't quite returned to normal (given that normal in Gooville was still extraordinarily weird to begin with). He could tell that the humans and whaley boys alike were on edge. Today there were no humans in the streets, and all the whaley boys were emitting a shrill call that he was sure he'd heard before, but strangely enough it hadn't been in the city under the sea. Hearing the hunting call in these circumstances made him shudder. He watch them gather, rubbing up against one another as if to strengthen the bond among them, milling around in small walking pods as if working off nervous energy, each of them raising his head occasionally and letting go the hunting call – flashing teeth, jaws snapping like bear traps. He knew they were coming. Nate was dressed and waiting for them when they came through the door. Four of them took him, lifted him in the air by his legs and shoulders, and carried him over their heads down the stairs to the street, then on into the passageways. The whole crowd moved into the passageways, their calls becoming more frequent and deafeningly shrill in the smaller confines. Even as his captors' long fingers dug into his flesh, a calm resolve came over Nate – an almost trancelike state, the acceptance that it was all going to be over soon. He looked to either side, only to have mouthfuls of teeth snarl at him, and even among the frenzy, here and there he heard the characteristic hissing snicker of a whaley-boy laugh. Well, they do know how to have a good time, he thought. He soon recognized the path they were taking him down. He could hear the calls of hundreds of them echoing through the caverns from the mother-of-pearl amphitheater. Maybe the entire whaley-boy population was waiting there. As they entered the amphitheater and the calls reached a crescendo, Nate stretched his neck and saw two big killer-whale-colored females holding the Colonel in the middle of the floor. The whaley boys holding Nate lowered him to his feet, and then two of them pulled him back against the benches to watch with the others. One of the big females holding the Colonel shrieked a long, high call, and the crowd calmed down, not quite silent, but the hunting calls stopped. The Colonel's eyes were wide, and Nate wouldn't have been surprised if the old man had started to bark and foam at the mouth. When things quieted down enough for him to be heard, he started shouting. The big female who was holding him clamped a hand over his mouth. Nate could see the Colonel fighting for breath, and he struggled against his own captors in empathy. Then the female started to speak – in their whistling, clicking language – and the crowd stopped even snickering. Their eyes bulged, and they turned their heads to the side to better hear her. Nate couldn't understand much of what she was saying, but you didn't have to know the language to understand what she was doing. She was listing the Colonel's crimes and pronouncing a sentence. It was no small irony, Nate thought, that the whaley boys who saw to justice were colored like the killer whales, the most intelligent, most organized, most glorious and horrible of all the marine mammals. The only animal other than man that had exhibited both cruelty and mercy, for one was not possible without potential for the other. Maybe memes were triumphing over genes after all. When she finished speaking, she handed the Colonel's arm to the other female, so that he was bent over forward, his hands held together high behind him. Then the female let out another extended shrill call, and the whole ceiling of the amphitheater dimmed until it was completely dark. When she finished her call, the light came back up again. The Colonel was screaming at the top of his lungs, random curses and mad pronouncements – calling the whaley boys abominations, monsters, freaks, railing like some mad prophet, his brain fried by God's fingerprint. But when the light was full again, he caught Nate's eye, just for a second, and he was quiet. There was something there, the depth and wisdom that Nate had once known the man to possess, or maybe it was just sadness, but before Nate could decide, the big female bent over and bit off the Colonel's head. Nate felt himself start to pass out. His vision tunneled down to a pinpoint and he fought to stay conscious, to concentrate on his breathing, which he realized had stopped momentarily. His vision came back, as did his breath, harsh and panicked through his gritted teeth as he watched. The killer spit the head across the amphitheater to a group of whaley kids, who picked it up and tore at it with their teeth. Then the female started tearing great chunks of meat out of the Colonel's body with her teeth, even as it twitched in the hands of her cohort – throwing the chunks to the crowd, who shrilled the hunting calls even more frantically than before. Nate couldn't tell how long it went on, but when it was finally done, and the Colonel was gone, there was a large red circle in the middle of the amphitheater floor, and all around him he saw bloody teeth flashing in whaley grins. Even the two whaley boys who held Nate's arms had partaken in the communion, grabbing chunks of meat and eating them with their free hands. One had hissed and sprayed blood in Nate's face. Then they dragged Nate to the middle of the amphitheater. He felt faint, the pulse banging away in his ears, drowning out all other sound. Everywhere he looked, he saw bloody teeth and bulging eyes, but he felt strangely detached. As the big female began another oration, he remembered a thought he'd had right after the humpback whale had eaten him. It came through to him like a malicious d? ¦j? ¤ vu: What an incredibly stupid way to die. Then there was another long, whistling call and Nate closed his eyes, waiting for the death blow, but it didn't come. The crowd had gone quiet again. He squinted through one eyelid, almost regretful that the moment had been delayed, and he saw teeth before him, but not the bloody teeth of the killers. The shrill whistle went on and on, made by the mottled blue whaley-boy female that had come out of the passageway and was striding across the amphitheater toward Nate. At her side was a very determined, petite brunette with unnatural maroon highlights, wearing hiking shorts and a tank top. The whaley boys holding Nate seemed confused. The female who had killed the Colonel was looking for some sort of guidance from the one holding Nate when Amy pulled the stun gun from her pocket and blasted her in the chest, knocking her back five feet to convulse on the bloody floor. â€Å"Let him go,† Amy commanded the one who was holding Nate, and for some reason, maybe just because it sounded so definitive, she let go of Nate's arms, and he fell, at which time Amy pulled up a second stun gun and pressed it to the big killer's chest, knocking her to the floor to twitch with her companion. Through it all, Emily 7 had continued to whistle. â€Å"You okay?† Amy asked Nate. He looked around at the situation, not sure at all if he was okay, but he nodded. â€Å"Okay, Em,† Amy said, and Emily stopped whistling. Before the crowd could react or a murmur of whaleyspeak start, Amy shouted, â€Å"Hey, shut up!† And they did. â€Å"Nate didn't do anything,† she continued. â€Å"The whole thing was the Colonel's idea, and none of us knew anything about it. He brought Nate here to help him destroy our city, and Nate said no. That's all you need to know. You all know me. This is my home, too. You know me. I wouldn't lie to you.† Just then the first big female started to recover, and Amy leaped in front of Nate to stand over the killer. â€Å"You get up, bitch, I'll knock you on your ass again. Your choice.† The female froze. â€Å"Oh, fuck it,† Amy said, and she zapped the big female on the nose with both stun guns at once, then wheeled on the other one, who was getting up but quickly dropped and played dead under Amy's gaze. â€Å"Good,† Amy said. â€Å"So we clear?† Amy shouted to the crowd. There was whaleyspeak murmuring, and Amy screamed, â€Å"Are we fucking clear, people?† â€Å"Yeah, clear,† came a dozen little mashed-elf voices in English. â€Å"Sure, sure, sure, you know it,† said one little voice. â€Å"Clear as a window,† came another. â€Å"Just kidding,† said an elf-on-helium voice. â€Å"Good,† Amy said. â€Å"Let's go, Nate.† Nate was still trying to find his feet. His knees had gone a little rubbery when he thought his head was going to be bitten off. Emily 7 caught him by the arm and steadied him. Amy started to lead them out of the amphitheater, then stopped. â€Å"Just a second.† She went back to where the lead killer female was just climbing to her feet and zapped her in the chest with the stun gun, which knocked her flat on her back again. As Amy strutted past Nate and Emily 7, she said, â€Å"Okay, now we can go.† â€Å"Where are we going?† Nate asked. â€Å"Em says you slept with her.† Nate looked at Emily 7, who grinned, big and toothy, and snickered. â€Å"Yeah, slept. Just slept. That's all. Tell her, Emily.† Emily whistled, actually a tune this time, and rolled her eyes. â€Å"Really,† Nate said. â€Å"I know,† Amy said. â€Å"Oh.† Nate heard squeaks coming from behind them in the corridor. â€Å"Wasn't that a little risky, taking on a thousand whaley boys with a couple of stun guns?† â€Å"I love these things,† Amy said, clicking the buttons to make miniature blue lightning arc across the contacts. â€Å"No, I didn't take on a thousand whaley boys, I took on one – an alpha female. Know what that makes me?† She smiled and then, without even breaking stride, threw her arms around his neck and kissed him. â€Å"And never forget it.† â€Å"I won't.† Then that last week's anxiety about losing her came tumbling back over him. â€Å"Hey, where did you go? I thought the Colonel had taken you.† â€Å"I went out on my mother's ship to send a message.† â€Å"What message?† â€Å"I was calling our ride. All the whaley boys had been put on notice: No pilot was going to take his ship out of here with you on board, still won't. But I could go, so I went out with my mother to pick up some supplies. And I called a ride.† â€Å"What, Emily 7 can't pilot a ship?† â€Å"Uh-uh,† squeaked Emily 7. â€Å"Only pilots can pilot a ship, duh. Anyway† – Amy checked her watch – â€Å"your ride should be in the harbor soon. I have to go by my place and grab something I want to take.† An hour later they stood at the water's edge in the harbor, and Amy was checking her watch again. â€Å"I am so pissed,† she said, tapping her foot frantically. It seemed as if every thirty seconds they had been cornered by some human resident of Gooville, and Amy had to tell the story again. Emily 7 was the only one of the whaley boys, other than the crew of Amy's mother's ship, that was still in the grotto. â€Å"You think they'll revolt, hurt humans?† Nate asked. â€Å"No, they'll be fine. That was a first. It's not every day you find out that your messiah is plotting to kill you. Give 'em a day or two to get over the embarrassment – everything will be back to normal.† â€Å"I guess it's just as well that we're getting out of here. You don't want to face those two females you zapped.† â€Å"Bring it on,† Amy said, patting the pockets of her shorts. â€Å"Besides, I'm sort of special here, Nate. I don't want to sound egotistical, but they really all do know me, know who I am, what I am. No one will bother me.† Just then Nate spotted a light coming from deep in the mirror-calm water. â€Å"That's him,† Amy said. â€Å"Him?† â€Å"Clay, coming to take you home.† â€Å"Me? You mean us.† â€Å"Em, can I get a minute?† Amy said. † ‘Kay,† said Emily 7, skulking away from the shore toward town. When Emily was out of hearing range, Amy put her arms around Nate and leaned back to look at him. â€Å"I can't go with you, Nate. I'm staying.† â€Å"What do you mean? Why?† â€Å"I can't go. There's something about me you don't know. Something I should have told you before, but I thought you wouldn't†¦ well, you know – I thought you wouldn't love me.† â€Å"Please, Amy, please don't tell me you're a lesbian. Because I've been through that once, and I don't think I could survive it again. Please.† â€Å"No, nothing like that. It's about my parents†¦ well, my father really.† â€Å"The navigator?† â€Å"Uh, no, not really. Actually, Nate, this is my father. She pulled a small specimen jar out of her pocket and held it up. There was a pink, jellylike substance in it. â€Å"That looks like – ; â€Å"It is, Nate. It's the Goo. My mother was never intimate with her navigator, or with anyone in the first three years she was here, but one morning she woke up pregnant.† â€Å"And you're sure it was the Goo, not just that she had way too many mai-tais at the Gooville cabana club?† â€Å"She knows it, and I know it, Nate. I'm sort of not normal.† â€Å"You feel normal.† He pulled her closer. â€Å"I'm not. For one thing, I don't just look a lot younger than I really am, but I'm also a lot stronger than I look, especially as a swimmer. Remember that day I found the humpback ship by sound? I really can hear directional sound underwater. And my muscle tissue is different. It stores oxygen the way a whale's tissue does, I can stay underwater without breathing for over an hour, longer if I don't exert myself. I'm the only one like me, Nate. I'm not really, you know†¦ human.† Nate listened, trying to weigh what it really meant in the bigger picture, but he couldn't think of anything except that he wanted her to go with him, wanted her to be with him, no matter what she said she was. â€Å"I don't care, Amy. It doesn't matter. Look, I got over all this† – he gestured to all that – â€Å"and the fact that you're sixty-four years old and your mother is a famous dead aviatrix. As long as you don't start liking girls, I'll be fine.† â€Å"That's not the point, Nate. I can't leave here, not for long anyway. None of us can. Even the ones who weren't born here. The Goo becomes part of you. It takes care of you, but you become attached to it, almost literally. Like an addiction. It gets in your tissues by contact. That's how my mother had me. I've been gone a lot already this year. If I left now, or if I left for longer that a few months at a time, I'd get sick. I'd probably die.† At that moment a yellow research submersible bubbled up to the surface of the lagoon, a dozen headlights blazing into the grotto around a great Plexiglas bubble in the front. â€Å"That's it, then. I'll stay. I don't mind, Amy. I'll stay here. We can live here. I could spend a lifetime learning about this place, the Goo.† â€Å"You can't do that either. It will become part of you, too. If you stay too long, you won't be able to leave either. You had to have noticed that first night we got drunk together, how fast you recovered from the hangover.† Nate thought about how quickly his wounds had healed, too – weeks, maybe months of healing overnight. There was no other explanation. He thought about spending his life with only fleeting glimpses of sunlight, and he said, â€Å"I don't care. I'll stay.† â€Å"No you won't. I won't let you. You have things to do.† She shoved the specimen jar in his pocket, then kissed him hard. He kissed her back, for a long time. The hatch at the top of the dry exit tower on the sub opened, and Clay popped up to see Nate and Amy for the first time since they'd both disappeared. â€Å"Well, that's unprofessional,† Clay said. Amy broke the kiss and whispered, â€Å"You go. Take that with you.† She patted his pocket. Then she turned to Clay as she checked her watch again. â€Å"You're late!† â€Å"Hey, missy, I set a time when I'd be at the coordinates you sent – six hundred and twenty-three feet below sea level – and I was there. You didn't mention that I had another mile of submarine cave with some of the scariest-looking rock formations I've ever seen.† He glanced at Nate. â€Å"They looked alive.† â€Å"They are alive,† Amy said. â€Å"Are we close to the surface? The pressure is –  » â€Å"I'll explain on the way,† Nate said. â€Å"We'd better go.† Nate stepped onto the sub as Clay slipped down inside the hatch to allow him to pass. Nate crawled into the hatch and looked back to Amy before he closed it. â€Å"I'll stay, Amy. I don't care. For you I'll stay. I love you. You know that, right?† She nodded and brushed tears out of her eyes. â€Å"Yeah,† she said, Then she spun around quickly and started walking away. â€Å"You take care of yourself, Nathan Quinn,† she shouted over her shoulder, and Nate heard her voice break when she said his name. He climbed down into the sub and secured the hatch above him. Clay had watched Amy walk away from the big, half-submerged Plexiglas bubble in the front of the sub. â€Å"Where's Amy going?† â€Å"She can't come home, Clay.† â€Å"She's okay, though?† â€Å"She's okay.† â€Å"You okay?† â€Å"I've been better.† They were quiet for the long ride through the pressure locks to the outside ocean, just the sound of the electric motors and the low hum of instruments all around them. The lights of the sub barely reached out to the walls of the cave, but every hundred yards or so they would come to a large, pink disk of living tissue, like a giant sea anemone, which would fold back to let them pass, then expand to fill the passageway once they had gone through. Nate watched the pressure gauge rise one atmosphere every time they passed through one of the gates, and it was then that he realized he wasn't escaping at all. The Goo knew exactly where and what they were, and it was letting him go. â€Å"You're going to explain what all this is, right?† Clay said, not even looking away from the controls. Nate was startled out of his reverie. â€Å"Clay, I can't believe – I mean, I believe it, but – Thanks for coming to get me.† â€Å"I never told you, you know – it's not really appropriate or anything – but I have pretty strong feelings about loyalty.† â€Å"Well, I respect that, Clay, and I appreciate it.† â€Å"Yeah, well, don't mention it.† Then they were both a bit embarrassed and both pretended that something was irritating their throats and they had to cough and pay attention to their breathing for a while, even though the air in the little submarine was filtered and humidified and perfectly clean. CHAPTER THIRTY-EIGHT Pirates Nate was standing with Clay on the flying bridge of the Clair as she steamed into the Au'au Channel. â€Å"You'd better put on some sunscreen, Nate.† Nate looked down at his forearms. He'd lost most of his color while in Gooville, and he could feel the sun cooking him, even through his T-shirt. â€Å"Yeah.† He looked off toward Lahaina, the harbor he'd piloted into a thousand times. They'd have to anchor far outside the breakwater with a ship this size, but it still had the feeling of coming home. The wind was warm and sweet, the water the heartbreak blue of a newborn's eyes. A humpback fluked about eight hundred yards to the north of them, its tail glistening in the sun as if it were covered with sequins. â€Å"There's still a month left of the season,† Clay said. â€Å"We can still get some work done.† â€Å"Clay, I've been thinking. Maybe we can be a little more purposeful in what we're doing. Maybe a little more active, conservation-wise.† â€Å"I could go for that. I like whales.† â€Å"I mean, we have the resources now, and even if I could prove the meaning of the song – somehow decipher the vocabulary of it – I could never prove the purpose. You know, without compromising Gooville.† â€Å"Not a good idea.† During the trip home Nate had explained it all. â€Å"I mean, there's no reason we can't do good science and still, you know – ; â€Å"Kick some ass.† â€Å"Well, yeah.† Clay affected an exaggerated Greek accent. â€Å"Sometimes, boss, you just got to unbuckle your pants and go looking for trouble.† â€Å"Zorba?† â€Å"Yeah.† Clay grinned. â€Å"Great book,† Nate said. â€Å"Is that the Always Confused?† Clay pulled up a pair of binoculars and focused on a speedboat that was rounding the Lahaina breakwater, showing more wake than she should in the harbor. Kona was driving the Always Confused. â€Å"My boat,† Clay said, somewhat distressed. â€Å"You need to get over that, Clay.† The speedboat came around to a parallel course with the Clair as the ship cut her engines in preparation to drop anchor. Kona was waving and screaming like a madman. â€Å"Irie, Bwana Nate! Irie! The lion come home! Praise Jah's mercy. Irie!† Nate came down the steps from the flying bridge to the deck. Whatever resentment he might have had for the surfer at one time was gone. Whatever threat he might have felt from the boy had melted away. Whatever irrelevancy Kona's youth and strength might have underscored in his own character was irrelevant. Maybe it was time to be an example instead of a competitor. Besides, he was genuinely glad to see the kid. â€Å"Hey, kid, how you doing?† â€Å"Jammin' now, don't you know.† â€Å"That's good. How'd you like to go be a pirate?† Because the Navy didn't maintain permanent offices on Maui, Captain L. J. Tarwater had been given a small office that the navy sublet for him in the Coast Guard building, which meant that, unlike on a naval base, here the public could pretty much come and go as they wished. So Tarwater wasn't that surprised to see someone come strolling through his office door. What he was surprised by was that it was Nathan Quinn, whom he thought quite drowned, and who was carrying a four-gallon glass jar full of some clear liquid. â€Å"Quinn, I thought you were lost at sea.† â€Å"I was. I'm found now. We need to have a chat.† He set the jar on Tarwater's desk, leaving a wet ring on some papers there, then went back and shut the door to the outer offices. â€Å"Look, Quinn, if this is some kind of stunt, like spray-painting fur, you're wasting your time. You guys act like the military is the great Satan. I'm here to study these animals. I grew up in the same generation you did, and so did most of the people in the navy who do what I do. We don't want to hurt these animals.† â€Å"Okay,† Nate said. â€Å"We only have two things to talk about here. Then I'll show you something.† â€Å"What's in the jar? That better not be kerosene or anything.† â€Å"It's seawater. I got it at the beach about ten minutes ago. Don't worry about it. Look, first you're going to finish your study and you're going to strongly recommend that the navy's torpedo range not be moved into the sanctuary. You will not let that happen. The animals do dive to depths where they can be hurt by the explosions, and they will be hurt by the explosions, which you'll be setting off not to defend the country but just so you guys can practice.† â€Å"There's no evidence that they ever dive deeper than two hundred feet.† â€Å"There will be. I've got data tags coming in from the mainland, I'll have data in a month.† â€Å"Still†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Shut up,† Nate said, then thought better of it and added, â€Å"Please.† Then he continued. â€Å"Second, you need to do everything in your power to back off of testing low-frequency active sonar. We know that it kills deepwater hunters like beaked whales, and there's probably some chance that it also injures the humpbacks, and under no circumstances do you want to do that.† â€Å"And why would that be?† â€Å"You know what my work has been for the last twenty-five years, right?† â€Å"You've been studying the humpback song. What, trying to figure its purpose?† â€Å"I found it, Tarwater. It's a prayer. The singers are praying.† â€Å"That's preposterous. There's no way you could know that.† â€Å"I'm positive of it. Absolutely positive. I know it's a prayer, and that the torpedo base and LFA will harm a God-fearing animal.† Nate paused to let it sink in, but Tarwater just looked at him like he was an annoying rodent that had crawled in from the cane fields. â€Å"How could you possibly know that, Quinn?† â€Å"Because their prayers are answered.† Nate took a portable tape recorder out of his shirt pocket and set it on the desk next to the seawater, into which he'd already mixed part of the Goo that Amy had given him. He pushed the ;play; button, and the sound of humpback-whale song filled the office. â€Å"This is ridiculous,† Tarwater said. â€Å"Watch,† Nate said, pointing to the water, which began to swirl, a tiny pink vortex forming in the middle. â€Å"Get out of here. I'm not impressed with your Mr. Wizard tricks, Quinn.† â€Å"Watch,† Nate said again. As they watched, the pink vortex expanded while the whale song played, until half the jar was filled with a moving pink stain. Then Nate turned off the tape. â€Å"So what?† Tarwater said. â€Å"Look more closely.† Nate opened the jar, reached in, strained out some of the pink, and threw it on Tarwater's desk. Tiny shrimp – each only an inch long – flipped about on the blotter. â€Å"Krill,† Nate said. Tarwater didn't say anything. He just looked at the krill, then scraped a couple into his hand and examined them more closely. â€Å"They are krill.† â€Å"Uh-huh.† â€Å"What, it's like Sea Monkees, right? You had brine-shrimp eggs in there.† â€Å"No, Captain Tarwater, I did not. The humpbacks are praying, and God is answering them, giving them food. We could run this little experiment a hundred times, and that water would be clear when we started and full of krill when we ended. Trust me, I've done it.† And he had. The little bit of Goo in the water created the krill out of the other life in there, the ubiquitous SAR-11 bacteria that existed in every liter of seawater on the planet. Tarwater held up the krill. â€Å"But I thought they didn't eat when they were here.† â€Å"You're thinking on too small a scale. They don't feed for four months, and then they do nothing but feed. They're thinking in advance – the way you might think about breakfast before you go to bed at night. Doesn't matter, really. What you need to do, Captain, is everything in your power and influence to stop the range and the LFA testing.† Tarwater looked stunned now. â€Å"I'm just a captain.† â€Å"But you're an ambitious captain. I can have a jar of seawater on the secretary of the navy's desk in ten hours. Do you really want to be the one to explain to this administration that you're hurting an animal that prays to God? Particularly this administration?† â€Å"No, sir, I do not,† said Tarwater, looking decidedly more frightened than he had been just a second before. â€Å"I thought you were an intelligent man. I trust you'll handle this, and this will be the last anyone will hear of my jar.† â€Å"Yes, sir,† Tarwater said, more out of habit than respect. Nate took his tape recorder and his jar and walked out, grinning to himself, thinking about the praying humpbacks. Of course, it's not your particular God, he thought, but they do pray, and their god does feed them. He headed back to Papa Lani to make the calls and write the paper that would torpedo any hope of Jon Thomas Fuller's ever building a captive dolphin petting zoo on Maui. A pirate's work is never done. Three months later the Clair cruised into the cold coastal waters off Chile on her way to Antarctica to intercept, stop, harass, and generally make business difficult for the Japanese whaling ship Kyo Maru. Clay was at the helm, and when the ship reached a precise point on the GPS receiver, he ordered the engines cut. It was a sunny day, unusually calm for this part of the Pacific. The water was so dark blue it almost appeared black. Clair was below in their cabin. She'd been seasick for most of the voyage, but she had insisted on coming along despite the nausea, using her saber-edged persuasive skills on the captain. (â€Å"Who's got the pirate booty? All right, then, help me pack.†) Nate stood on the deck at the bow, his arm around Elizabeth Robinson. Above them swung an eighteen-foot rigid-hull Zodiac on a crane, ready to drop into the water whenever it was needed. There was another one on the stern, where once the submarine had been stowed. Up on the flying bridge, Kona scanned the sea around them with a pair of ;big-eye; binoculars on a heavy iron mount that was welded to the railing. â€Å"There's one, a thousand yards.† Clay came out onto the walkway beside Kona. They all looked to starboard, where the residual cloud of a whale blow was hanging over the calm water. â€Å"Another one!† Clay shouted, pointing to a second blow closer to the ship off the port bow. Then they started firing into the air as if triggered by a chained fuse: whale blows of different shapes, heights, and angles – great explosions of spray erupting so close to the ship now that the decks started to glisten with the moisture. Then the backs of the great whales rolled in the water around them, gray and black and blue, hills of slick flesh on all sides, moving slowly, then lying in the water. Nate and Elizabeth moved up to the bow railing and watched a group of sperm whales lolling in the water like logs just a few feet off the bow. Next to them a wide right whale floated, bobbing gently in the swell, only a slow wave of the tail revealing that the creature was alive. It rolled to one side, and its eye bulged as it looked at them. â€Å"You okay?† Nate asked Elizabeth, squeezing her shoulder. This was the first time she'd been out on the water in over forty years. In her hands she clutched a brown paper lunch bag. â€Å"They're still amazing up close. I'd forgotten.† â€Å"Just wait.† There were probably a hundred animals of different species around the ship now, most rolled on their side, one eye bulged out to focus in the air. Their blows settled into a syncopated rhythm, like cylinders of some great engine firing in succession. Kona jumped up and down next to Clay, praising Jah and laughing as each animal breathed or flicked a tail. â€Å"Irie, my whaley friends!† he shouted, waving to the animals close to the boat. Clay desperately resisted the urge to grab up cameras and start blasting film or digital video. It felt like he had to pee, really badly, from his eyes. â€Å"Nate,† Clay called, and he pointed to a bubble net forming just outside the ring of floating whales. They'd seen them dozens of times in Alaska and Canada, one humpback circling and releasing a stream of bubbles to corral a school of fish while others plunged up through the middle to catch them. The circle of bubbles became more pronounced on the surface, as if the water were boiling, and then a single humpback breached through the ring, cleared the water completely, and landed on its side in white crater of splash and spray. â€Å"Oh, my goodness!† Elizabeth said. Flustered, she pressed her face into Nate's jacket, then looked back quickly, lest she miss something. â€Å"They're showing off,† Clay said. The lolling whales lazily paddled out of the way, opening a corridor to the ship. The humpback motorboated toward the bow, its knobby face riding on top of the water. When it was only ten yards from the bow, the animal rose up in the water and opened its mouth. Amy stood up, and next to her stood James Poynter Robinson. â€Å"Hey, can we get a ladder down here?† Amy shouted. â€Å"Praise Jah's mercy,† Kona said, â€Å"the Snowy Biscuit has come home.† Nate threw a cargo net over the side, then climbed halfway down and pulled Amy up onto the net. He held her there as the ship moved in the swell, and she tried to kiss him and nearly chipped a tooth. â€Å"Help me with Elizabeth,† Nate said. Together they got the Old Broad down the cargo net and handed her to her husband, who stood on the tongue of a whale and hugged his bride after not seeing her for four decades. â€Å"You look so young,† Elizabeth said. â€Å"We can fix that,† he said. â€Å"You'll get old?† â€Å"Nope.† He looked back to Nate and saluted. Nate could hear whaley-boy pilots snickering inside the whale. â€Å"I brought you a pastrami on rye,† she said. Poynter took the paper bag from her as if he were accepting the Holy Grail. Nate and Amy scrambled up the cargo net and stood at the bow as the whale drifted away from the bow. â€Å"Thank you, Nate,† the Old Broad said, waving. â€Å"Thank you, Clay.† Nate smiled. â€Å"We'll see you soon, Elizabeth.† â€Å"We will, you know,† Amy said as the whale ship closed and sank back into the waves. â€Å"I know.† â€Å"I have to come back here every few months, you know.† â€Å"I know.† â€Å"Forever.† â€Å"Yeah, I know.† â€Å"I'm the new colonel now. I'm sort of in charge down there, you know, since I'm sort of the daughter of their god. So we'll have to spend time down there.† â€Å"Do I have to call you ‘Colonel'?† â€Å"What, you have a problem with that?† â€Å"No, I'm okay with that.† â€Å"You realize that the Goo really could decide to wipe out the human species at any minute.† â€Å"Yep. Same as it's always been.† â€Å"And you know if I live out here, I'm not always going to, you know, look like this?† â€Å"I know.† â€Å"But I will always be luscious, and you – you will always be a hopeless nerd.† â€Å"Action nerd,† Nate corrected. â€Å"Ha!† Amy said. AUTHOR NOTES Science and Magic â€Å"The science you don't know looks like magic,† Kona says in Chapter 30. I have generally come down on the side of magic, simply because it involves less math, but with Fluke it was necessary to learn a little science. Because so much of Fluke does fall into the realm of magic, though, I thought it only fair to give you, gentle reader, some idea of what's fact and what's not. The body of knowledge on cetacean biology, especially as it relates to behavior, is growing at such a staggering rate that it's hard to be sure of what you know from one day to the next. (This happens to be exactly the way I live my life, so that worked out nicely.) Scientists have been studying humpback song for fewer than forty years, and it's only in the last decade that studies have been undertaken to try to relate the song to social behavior and interaction. (And a challenging question there: What constitutes interaction in an animal whose voice can carry a thousand miles?) As I write this, September 2002, much about the humpback song is still unknown. (Although scientists do know that it tends to be found in the New Age music section, as well as in tropical waters. There is no reasonable explanation for this, but as of yet no tagged humpbacks have been tracked to the New Age section at Sam Goody's.) At this point no one has ever seen or filmed the mating of humpbacks, so while it would appear that the song has something to do with mating, because it is performed only by males and because it is sung only during the mating season, no one has drawn a direct correlation between the song and mating. Theories abound: The males are marking territory sonically, they are showing their fitness and size by singing, they are calling mates, they are just saying ;howdy; – all of the above, none of the above. The fact remains that, regardless of its purpose, the humpback-whale song is the most complex piece of nonhuman composition on earth. Whether it's art, prayer, or a booty call, the humpback song is an amazing thing to experience firsthand, and I suspect that even once the science of it is put to bed, it will remain, as long as they sing, magic. Beyond the song, much of the whale behavior and biology described in Fluke is accurate, or as accurate as I could keep it and not overburden the story. (Excepting the whale ships, the whaley boys, and every killer whale's being named Kevin, all of which I made up. Killer whales are actually all named Sam. Duh.) The acoustic data, and the analysis thereof, is generally balderdash. While scientists do indeed collect data in the manner described, much of the analysis process came from my imagination. For the record, though, low-frequency whale calls can and do travel thousands of miles under the sea. While the Lahaina Harbor is indeed inundated with whale researchers every winter, and while there are indeed lectures given periodically at the Whale Sanctuary visitor center, the acrimony, competition, and tension described among the researchers is completely of my own creation, as are the individual descriptions and personalities of the characters. Tension among a bunch of neurotics is just more interesting for a story than is a description of dedicated professionals doing their work and getting along, which is the case in reality. When in doubt, assume I made it up. CONSERVATION The reason we shouldn't kill whales is because they fire the imagination. – JAMES DARLING, PH.D. Hey, I thought they were saved already! No one likes the â€Å"We're glad you enjoyed this story about the rainforest with all its cute little animals and charming native people, BECAUSE IT WILL ALL BE A CHARRED DESERT NEXT WEEK!† approach, and I hate to do it to you, but you should know that much of the conservation information in Fluke is accurate. They aren't quite saved. The Japanese and the Norwegians continue to practice whaling, each taking up to five hundred minke whales a year under â€Å"scientific research† permits (the meat ends up in markets in Europe and Asia). Despite â€Å"free market† arguments to the contrary, whaling is not a profitable business in Japan. It is subsidized by the government, and, to bolster consumer demand, they have introduced whale meat into the school lunch program so children will develop a taste for it. (Good thinking there. Don't we all crave the cafeteria cuisine of our youth? Mmmm, mashed peas.) Biologists working undercover in Japanese markets (spy nerds), by running DNA tests, have found endangered whale species (including blue whale) in cans of whale meat labeled as â€Å"minke whale meat.† (So someone is still killing them.) Except for scientific whaling, the International Whaling Commission's moratorium on hunting great whales is still in effect, but several whaling nations are rallying hard to have the moratorium lifted and finance survey studies to prove that great-whale populations, including humpbacks and grays, have recovered enough for them to resume hunting. The U.S. antiwhaling position in the IWC is severely compromised by the fact that they support aboriginal whaling – that is, subsistence hunting by indigenous people. The argument for aboriginal whaling by the actual indigenous people is seldom made on a basis of subsistence, but more often because hunting whales is a â€Å"cultural tradition of their people that must be preserved.† This, of course, is utter bullshit. It's a tradition of Americans of European descent to commit genocide on indigenous people, but that doesn't mean we ought to start doing it again. Even some old ideas are still bad ideas. While it is true that many whale species seem to be recovering, like the gray and the humpback, other populations still struggle, and some, like the North Atlantic right whale, may yet disappear from the planet. (Not due to hunting, but as one researcher, whom I won't name, said, â€Å"because they're stupid as shit and won't get out of the way when they hear a ship coming.† Hell, I almost wreck when a squirrel runs in front of my car, and there're millions of them. I can't imagine trying to keep a supertanker from going in the ditch while swerving to avoid one of the last remaining right whales.) Recent surveys estimate (and they can only estimate, because scientists can't find enough of the animals to actually count – I guess when you find one, you just have to count the bejeezus out of him, then extrapolate with algorithms and computer projections) that there may be fewer than three hundred North Atlantic right whales left in the world. But on a happier note, some of the populations are recovering, and although the Japanese government appears to be a bunch of nimrods (and who are we to talk?), the Japanese people seem more interested in watching whales than eating them, so the pressure to extend the hunt may relent. The kicker to all this is probably that habitat loss and pollution, not hunting, present the greatest threat to marine mammals. (Wha†¦? Habitat loss, don't they have the whole ocean?) For the most part our oceans are great, wet deserts, with millions of square miles in which life is very sparse. Predictably, human populations have started to compete with marine mammals for the food sources, and, under increased demand and improved fishing methods, many once rich fishing grounds are becoming as barren as a clear-cut forest. Hydroelectric dams that restrict the migration of salmon and other species to their freshwater breeding grounds are already having an impact on the populations of marine mammals that feed on the adult salmon. As industrial pollution and agricultural runoff take toxic chemicals to the ocean, it would seem that the enormous volume of seawater would dilute these chemicals to harmless levels, and that's what happens until the chemicals are gathered up by a mechanism called the food chain. Recent studies of tissue samples of some toothed whales (killer whales and dolphins, who feed fairly high up on the food chain) show levels of man-made toxins so high that the animal's blubber actually qualifies as toxic waste. Studies are now going on to determine if declining marine mammal populations on the west coast of North America may not be caused by the lower birth rates and the compromised immune systems of animals who feed on toxic fish. (Oh yeah, guess who else is at the top of the seafood chain?) You want to help? Pay attention. Caring about the condition of our oceans does not make you a psycho, tree-hugging, bleeding-heart liberal, it just makes you smart. The health of all life on this planet depends on the health of the oceans. It's just good business. (Even a supply-sider has to admit that if you fish a population to extinction, there will be no supply, so there will be no demand. It's bad economics from the right or the left.) So watch what you eat, and don't eat fish that are being over-fished (like Chilean sea bass, for instance). And don't pour the used oil from your oil change down the storm drain unless you want your next shrimp platter to taste like Quaker State and you sort of like the idea of having your own children born with flippers. And go look at some whales. Not captive ones, wild ones. It all comes down to economics, and as long as it's more profitable to have whales around to look at, we'll have them around to look at. If you don't live near water and can't get to any, rent a whale video. It all comes around. Barring that, just yell at people randomly to stop killing whales. It could catch on. Really. (â€Å"Would you like fries with that?† â€Å"Shut up and stop killing whales!† â€Å"Thank you. Drive through, please.†) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, my thanks to the home team: to Charlie Rodgers, as usual, for thoughtful reads and cogent comments; to my editor, Jennifer Brehl; and to my agent, Nicholas Ellison, who a couple of years ago said, â€Å"Hey, how about a book about whale song? I don't know – like there's meaning in it or something. You figure it out.† Blame or credit goes to Nick for that. As always, thanks to Dee Dee Leichtfuss for being my â€Å"reader without an agenda.† Thanks, too, to Galen and Lynn Rathbun, for taking time away from studying the hose-nose shrew to fill me in on the home life of the field biologist and for putting me in touch with the people at NOAA. My thanks also to Kurt Preston for geological information, to Dr. David Kirkpatrick for information on genetics, to Mark Joseph for my â€Å"Introduction to Sonar† phone lecture, and to Bret Huffman for Rasta-Pidgin tutoring. Much of the background on genes, evolution, and memes came from the work of Richard Dawkins: The Selfish Gene, The Blind Watchmaker, The Extended Phenotype, and others; also from Daniel Dennett's Darwin's Dangerous Idea and from Susan Blakemore's excellent book The Meme Machine. I recommend them all for further reading, but when you're finished, you may have to read several of my books and watch a lot of TV just to get stupid enough again to function in the modern world again. Fortunately I am gifted in this respect and have recovered nicely, thank you. The laser-measurement algorithm described in Chapter 1 was formulated by Dr. John Calambokidis of the Cascadia Research Collective. He should get credit for that as well as for many other contributions to the field. Many of the research anecdotes I used in Fluke were fashioned out of stories told to me by the researchers themselves. The story of the Japanese whalers being affected by seeing a mother sperm whale and her calf (Chapter 30) was told to me by Bob Pittman of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center. The story of the Pacific Biological Research Project, where the military funded a feasibility study to use seabirds as a biological-warfare vector, was told to me by Lisa Ballance, Bob's wife, who also works at NOAA's Southwest Fisheries Science Center. Thanks, too, to Dr. Wayne Ferryman, also from NOAA, who shared many hours of stories, providing me with information about the lifestyles of researchers. My thanks to Dr. Ferryman as well for inviting me to observe the California gray whale survey in person and not insisting that I always bring the pizza. Thanks to Jay Barlow from NOAA's Southwest Fisheries Science Center for information on navy research projects and the relationship between researchers and the navy. Much of which I blew off so I could put Captain Tarwater in Maui, but still, thanks, Jay. My thanks, too, to Carol DeLancey of Oregon State University's Marine Mammal Program, who told me the great story of the female right whale using a researcher's Zodiac as a diaphragm while the researchers were assaulted by a pair of prehensile whale willies (Chapter 8) – something that happened directly to Dr. Bruce Mate, but which I embellished in that I don't believe that the whales ejaculated in the boat, and Dr. Mate did not become a lesbian. For information on underwater acoustics and the nature and range of blue-whale calls, much of which I totally ignored, many thanks to Dr. Christopher G. Fox of the Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport, Oregon. It was Chris's description of an unidentified, persistent throbbing noise coming from deep under the Pacific Ocean, somewhere off the coast of Chile, that first inspired the undersea city of Gooville. For the inside story on harbor life in Lahaina and the dating life of the female researcher, my thanks to Rachel Cartwright and Captain Amy Miller, who study humpback cow/calf behavior and biology in Maui in the winter and Alaska in the summer. My thanks, too, to Kevin Keyes for whale and dolphin stories, as well as for his infinite patience in teaching me ocean kayaking and providing the â€Å"cold-water discipline† safety training that probably kept me from drowning while trying to get out among the animals. Finally, my deepest thanks to Dr. Jim Darling, Flip Nicklin, and Meagan Jones, who for two seasons allowed me to ride along and observe their research in Maui, as well as for giving generously of their time to answer my questions both in person and by e-mail. While most of the information about humpbacks and humpback song in Fluke came out of these trips, the inaccuracies and liberties taken with the information are my own. The anecdotes and science I learned from these folks, all of whom have spent their lives working in the field, were enough to fill two books, and were certainly too voluminous to list here. Simply put, this book would not have been possible without their help. Kinder, more intelligent, more dedicated people than these do not the face of this earth walk. To support their ongoing research on humpback song and behavior, send your tax-deductible donations to: Whale Trust 300 Paani Place Paia, HI 96779

Wind Energy and Power Optimization The WritePass Journal

Wind Energy and Power Optimization Introduction Wind Energy and Power Optimization Introduction1. Overview1.1. Wind energy1.2.  Challenges1.3 Aims and Objectives  2.  Ã‚  LITERATURE REVIEW2.1.  Introduction2.2.  Ã‚  Past Achievements2.3.  Ã‚  Current work2.4.  Ã‚  Future Prospects3.1.  Description3.2.  PSS/E3.3.  Ã‚  Spectrum Power CC3.4.  Ã‚  Comparison  4.  PLANNING4.1.  Overview:4.2.  Project Risks:4.3.  Gantt Chart  CONCLUSIONREFERENCES:APPENDIX:Related Introduction 1. Overview 1.1. Wind energy The wind energy is one of the sources of renewable energy which has many advantages over the non-conventional sources of energy. There are many topological and economical factors associated with the construction of the wind farm which decide upon the construction design of the wind turbine and the placement of the wind turbines in the farm.The main construction of the wind farm consists of the mechanical, civil costs and electrical costs. In construction of the wind turbines there are different types and designs of turbines used depending on the location, topography and the power output. The wind turbine generators convert kinetic energy of the wind into the electrical energy. Different types of generators are used in the conversion according to the application and the requirements. 1.2.  Challenges A single wind turbine is connected into the array of many wind turbines to form a wind farm which is utilized to generate electrical energy.   The main consideration with the wind farm is the cost of installation and the power quality. Due to the non availability of the constant wind at all times the energy was highly unreliable, but due the new power electronic converter devices and manufacturing of the doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) the engineers have been able to overcome the problem. The power quality is the primary concern when the energy generated from the wind farm is connected to the main grid .The voltage unbalance at Bus-Bar, voltage fluctuations and reliability are the issues of prime concern in the power quality. The main problems related to the power quality in the wind farm are: 1) Steady State voltage impact: It is the most common problem which is mostly related to the source and load of electric power. Due voltage drop in the line because of the presence of impedance there are voltage drops, which must be kept under the limits to avoid failure. 2) Dynamic voltage variations: The cause for the dynamic voltage variations is the same steady state voltage variations but they are studied for a shorter time intervals of seconds or fraction of second. These can be reduced by introducing variable wind speed system or by controlling the reactive power. 3) Harmonic Distortion: In the electric System due to non-linear loads and the power electronic devices there are distortions in the pure sine wave. 4)   Voltage Transients: When an induction machine or a capacitor bank is connected in the system, the high currents are observed which might cause disturbance in the grid. The need of the optimization in the wind farms is a need, to make the technology more efficient and more reliable. There are many tools used for the simulation of the wind farm but the tools used for the wind park grid connection optimization are the PSS/E and Spectrum Power CC which contains a module for the power system optimization. 1.3 Aims and Objectives â€Å"Wind Park Grid Connection Power Optimization† In the wind farm design a typical on/offshore substation which consists of the switchable reactive components and transformer tap changers should be modeled within a power system simulation package and replicated in the Siemens SCADA (Supervisory control and Data Acquisition) system using the software Spectrum Power CC. The SCADA contains a module for power system optimization which has not been explored by the Siemens, the software has to be verified for the optimization of the wind farm and then the modeling is to be done which is achieved by proper learning of the software and implementation of the same in the real time SCADA software. The results obtained from the network optimization algorithm model Vs SCADA system are to be verified and analyzed and based on the analysis the improvements or alternatives are proposed for further enhancement. In the past due to the limited work on the software, exploring of the tools and techniques in the software is another key motive in the process which will not only solve the optimization problem but will be beneficiary for future developments. However there are optimization tools developed using the Generic Algorithm for improving the reliability of the system.   2.  Ã‚  LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1.  Introduction The wind energy is now one of the major sources of energy. Different designs of the turbines have been introduced to improve the reliability of the system. The main parameters which are taken into consideration in designing of the wind farms is the energy output, cost efficiency, the impact on the environment and the impact on the electric grid which mainly includes the integration into the existing electrical system and the power quality issues. These factors must be fulfilled before connecting into the main network to keep the existing system operational. In the process of designing the actual system of the wind farms the modeling of the proposed design which is an important factor in the basic structure of the turbine, type of blades, turbine used etc. The analysis of both the mechanical and electrical properties of the structure of the wind turbine is done using different modeling tools like PSCAD, PSS/E, Dig Silent etc.[7][8] 2.2.  Ã‚  Past Achievements Power quality in the wind turbines is the important area of concern and assurance of the protection from all the disturbances has to be made to ensure the protection of the grid. The main power quality standards are static voltage level, voltage fluctuations, voltage transients, voltage harmonic distortion, voltage unbalance and voltage supply interruptions. In the past the fixed speed electric turbines were used but now due to their drawbacks main being the inefficient control of the reactive power and power quality problems the variable speed turbines have been developed. A variable speed turbine keeps the generator torque constant and the speed changes which results in constant power in the system which is the essential requirement. There are many power electronic devices which are used in combination with the induction machine and the synchronous machine. The structures developed in the modeling of the wind turbines are used in the analysis between the electrical and the mechanical structure of the wind-farm and also help in the dynamics interaction of the wind farm and electrical grid which enables the design engineers and owners to make an adequate study before the installation of the wind- farm. [1][2] Various models have been developed earlier for specific studies in the wind turbine functioning using the Dig Silent and PSS/E software. Various calculations are performed by the utility engineers like the load flow analysis and the transient analysis of the models developed. The main objective of the load flow calculations is to identify the flows in the transmission lines, transformers and the voltage at different buses or nodes which is an integral planning of the planning and the design of the wind farm. The calculations are done under different scenarios to satisfy the conditions. The transient stability studies are done to calculate the transient response of the system under the disturbances. The synchronism, the damping of the oscillations of the machines are examined which play a vital role in the planning and interconnection of the wind farm. [4][9] 2.3.  Ã‚  Current work Many studies have been conducted on the stability of the wind-farms, but referring to the paper by David T.Johnsen on â€Å"Optimisation of the fault ride through strategy of a wind farm† which explains the optimisation and also the dynamic stability of the wind-farm by developing a procedure for an optimal fault ride through strategy for the wind farms. The dynamic simulations are developed and modeled in PSSE which illustrates the possibility of increasing the capacity of the wind farm by optimal fault ride through settings. â€Å"The operational characteristics of the wind farm are optimised by adjusting the parameter settings of a model of a simplified PQ-generator while simulating in PSSE†. From the article it is observed that the â€Å"wind-farm consists of radial connection, consisting of two parallel and identical 132 Kv branches which are connected to a high level wind penetration†. Apart from the two wind farms an† additional wind farm (WF2)† is connected which is represented in the network by the â€Å"generic PSS/E model of a full converter turbine or a simple P-Q generator which represents as ideal power source.† The settings of the P-Q generator can be modified in the simulation by adjusting the active and reactive power in the system. To increase the stability and the loss of synchronism the â€Å"active power injection must be reduced to a low active power level as soon as the voltage dip is detected and a high value of reactive power during the fault incre ases the transferable limit of the active power during and after the fault. â€Å" In the conclusion of the paper it is seen that the comparisons between the response of the â€Å"P-Q generator and generic FCWT model† illustrates that it possible for the â€Å"P-Q generator to successfully ride through the fault while the generic FCWT trips.† â€Å"The main concerns regarding the dynamic power response in the process of optimisation are as follows: 1. The active power must be severely constrained during the fault sequence. 2. The maximum reactive power production has to be high and fast responding.† Hence it is concluded from the paper that the fault ride through strategy can improve the capacity and the electric grid quality in the wind-farm. [3] In an optimization model developed by the Strategic Energy Institute (Georgia Institute of technology) there are some input parameters like wind speed, Weibull parameter, investment, efficiency of generator and gearbox, speed etc and output parameters as optimal rotor diameter, optimal generator capacity, optimal RPM, torque and power produced. These parameters are drawn into a flowchart which consists of a wind turbine design optimization model. [10] 2.4.  Ã‚  Future Prospects The IEEE research paper on â€Å"Optimization of Electrical Connection Scheme for Large Offshore Wind Farm with Genetic Algorithm â€Å"at the Sustainable Power Generation and Supply (2009) represents a way of power system optimisation by Generic Algorithm .An analysis on an off-shore wind farm is made in which the optimisation of the electrical connection is converted into the factors of the â€Å"voltage level inside the farm, the voltage levels of substation, number of substations, location of substations, connection topology of substation and turbines†. Due to their non-linearity the optimization is done by Generic Algorithm and the analysis is done in the paper. [6] A research paper presented in the Nordic workshop on Power and industrial electronics (2004) on Optimization of electrical system for a large DC offshore wind farm by Generic Algorithm† proposes an optimization based on Generic Algorithm where the input parameters are used as technical data and are optimised for minimum cost and maximum reliability. Based on the theory of natural evolution a Generic is developed which consists of â€Å"population of bit strings transformed into three genetic operators’ selection, crossover and mutation.† An optimization model is developed which computes cost and the reliability. The model consists of the input data, some rules, cost calculation, reliability evaluation and an optimum configuration with the help of generic algorithm. In the genetic optimization the â€Å"encoding and decoding of the chromosomes† is done which leads to computation of the cost and reliability, finally the mutation operator is used to improve th e execution of the Generic Algorithm. [14] In another IEEE paper by Kusiak.A et al (2010) â€Å"Optimization of Wind Turbine Performance With Data-Driven Models† a multi objective optimisation function is made which represents the wind power output, the vibrations in the train and the vibration in the tower to determine the wind turbine functioning. The concept of neural networks, an ES algorithm â€Å"the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA)† is used solving the model. The results obtained state that the vibration mitigation and power maximization can be done by adjusting the generator torque and blade pitch angle. [5] In the â€Å"Small Wind Off-Grid System Optimization Regarding Wind Turbine Power Curve† paper by Ã…  imić.Z and MikuliÄ ić.V (IEEE) there is another small hybrid off-grid system in which there is discussion on the impact of the power curve on the cost of the energy and amount of energy produced. The â€Å"HOMER micro power optimizing tool â€Å"was used for the optimisation, wind speed data was varied and the results were analyzed. 3.  Ã‚  METHODODLOGY 3.1.  Description In the project as the simulations of the wind farm are to be carried out in the software package, the studying of the wind model layout is the prime important step which includes the components and specifications. The layout of the wind farm design mainly consists of an array of wind turbines, the electrical connections, on/off shore substation, transformer, On -Load Tap changers, Phase -to -Phase voltage controllers and shunt capacitor banks to improve the voltage quality of the system. 3.2.  PSS/E The optimal power flow software PSS/E is used in the analysis in which all the components are modeled and all the results are recorded. A brief description of the software is as follows: PSS/E (Power System Simulation for Engineering): â€Å"Power System Simulation for Engineering (PSS/E) is the major tool used in the course of the project which consists of a set of programs for studies of power system transmission and generation behavior in both steady state and dynamic situations. It can be used as a tool to analyze the power flow and the related network functions, the optimal power flow, balanced and unbalanced faults, network equivalent construction, as well as dynamic simulation. The main software used is the Power System Simulator for engineering optimal power flow from Siemens which improves the overall efficiency and output of the system in addition to the normal power flow. The software is mainly used for the today’s challenges of the regulated power supply which are as follows: Reactive power scheduling Voltage collapse analysis Transfer capability investigation Location based marginal cost assessment Ancillary service opportunity cost assessment Impact assessment Base case development Congestion analysis† *The Above content is taken from the user manual of the Software PSS/E. [11] As the software has been used earlier in the analysis of the power system so learning and implementing the software would not be a very difficult task and the analysis can be carried out using the manuals and other research material provided on the internet. 3.3.  Ã‚  Spectrum Power CC In the second and the important part of the project the same wind farm simulation model is modeled in the Siemens Spectrum Power CC software using the SCADA, the Distribution Network Analysis (DNA) which consists of Distribution system power flow (DSPF), Distribution System State Estimator (DSSE), Short Term Load Scheduler (STLS), Fault Management and Volt-Var Control(VCC). The brief description of the software from the Siemens software reference manual of the Power Spectrum CC is as follows: â€Å"Distribution Network Analyses (DNA) supports the following features: Effective and efficient control of distribution networks   Increased supply quality and reliability Optimal use of network equipment Minimization of network losses Detection and elimination of overloads in time Efficient fault management The elements which are to be used in the software for the analysis of the system along their main functions which are an integral part of the Spectrum Power CC Distribution Network Analysis are: 1) Distribution System Power Flow(DSPF): â€Å"DSPF is mainly used to calculate the network status in the system configuration. The power flow solution calculates the voltages at all the bus-bars, the power and the reactive power at all the buses. The flows in the network are the most important parameters in the simulation. The limits of the system are analyzed and suitable optimization technique is used.† 2) Distribution State Estimator(DSSE): â€Å"DSSE is mainly used for the real-time monitoring, control and optimization of the model. It estimates the active and reactive power values and corrects the data by using the techniques of mismatching of information. â€Å" DSSE integrates the optimization process with the optimal power flow to calculate the flows which are then used to monitor the real time operation of the network. 3) Short Term Load Scheduler(STLS): â€Å"STLS tracks the active and reactive power management of the power system loads and maintains the consumption for the loads in the network into a database.   â€Å" 4) Fault Management: â€Å"The main application of the Fault management is location of the fault, the fault isolation and service restoration. The fault management consists of: Fault location Locating the faulty section or area of the network as closely as possible Fault isolation Isolating the faulty section or area of the network Service restoration Restoring power to de-energized non-faulty areas of the network 5)   Volt-Var Control(VVC): â€Å"Volt-Var Control (VCC) deals with the operations on the transformer with on-load tap changers, phase-to phase voltage controllers and shunt capacitors to improve the network operations. The main task is to improve the overall reliability and quality of the network. VCC works on two operating modes: Open loop: The settings after running the flow are not automatically executed; they are reviewed by the user. Closed Loop: The settings after running the flow are automatically executed after VCC calculation.† The main objectives which are to be fulfilled after the optimization of the system mainly consists of: 1) Minimize limit violations. 2)   Minimize power losses and limit violations. 3) Minimize active power consumption and limit violations. 4) Minimize reactive power consumption and limit violations. 5) Maximize power revenue and minimize limit violations. *(The description of the software has been taken from the reference manuals provided by Siemens .It has been edited and modified according to the data required, but still Quoted to be on safer side.)[12] The above tools in the software are studied and then analyzed as the software is used for the optimal power flow for the first time, so understanding the software is a difficult task which may consume a lot of time and may require a lot of help from the external sources. If the results are required results not obtained on the software then if will become more challenging, and have to take the help of the specific team involved in creation of the power system optimisation tool in the software, which may include taking help from Siemens, Germany. Replicating the power system model on the software won’t be a challenging task, if all the main functions are studied and learned in detail. The results may be then obtained if the simulation is successfully modeled in the software. 3.4.  Ã‚  Comparison In the last step results of both the simulations will be compared and the analysis of the results obtained is done separately for both the softwares. The drawbacks of the Distribution Network Analysis software will be studied based on the results obtained from the comparison of the data obtained after running the simulations. A suitable alternative is then proposed, supporting the simulation and improvements in the design are implemented to obtain the desired results. The proper explanations of the improvements supporting the outcomes are made as the improvements proposed in the software are then implemented by the engineers without the power system background.   4.  PLANNING 4.1.  Overview: The project work has been planned and divided into a timeline which has been shown in the Gantt chart as attached in the report. The project plan is made keeping in mind some delays due to the unavoidable circumstances and will be effective from the initiation till the completion of the project. 4.2.  Project Risks: In the Project as the modeling tools have to be used in the simulation of the wind  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   farm so the availability of the software is a major concern. The power system optimization software PSS/E is available which won’t be a concern. As the software is complex and difficult to understand so it may take a longer time to understand the working. The help of the PhD students will be taken and the simulation will be made as simple as possible to remove the complexity from the model as it has to be modeled in a short duration. If necessary the use of simple optimization tools would be done like Dig SILENT, Power world Simulator etc. In the another modeling software Spectrum Power CC provided by Siemens, the power optimization module in the software on which the simulation is mainly based is new, which may consume a lot of time learning the software, therefore suitable training will be taken by the experts so that, I can easily adapt the software and proceed with the work. The difficulties faced will be rectified by the Siemens Technical Team and PhD students at The University Of Manchester which will lead to the success of the project. 4.3.  Gantt Chart   Risk Assessment Form Dissertation Project: â€Å"Wind Park Grid Connection Power Optimization† Risk Description Effect on the project Action Required Non Availability of PC The postponement of the project Immediate availability of another PC Non Availability of Software Difficulty in modeling. Immediate availability or some alternative modeling tool. Data Crash A data backup is created. A backup has to be created. Power system optimization software use Due to the non-familiarity longer time to learn the software. Modeling will be kept simple and the help of PhD students would be taken for modeling. SCADA software interface Due the first time use of optimization module there may be delays. Help of specialized team is expected.    CONCLUSION In the feasibility study above the methodology of the dissertation project is explained. The literature review highlights all the work done and the future prospects of the work that can be done in the research are. The project planning consists of the Gantt chart which is a layout of the working of the project which includes all the risks and different challenges during the project. REFERENCES: 1)    Eriksson.K .et al.(n.d.), â€Å" System Approach On Designing An Offshore Wind Power Grid Connection† http://www05.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/34ec041beda66334c1256fda004c8cc0/$file/03mc0132%20rev.%2000.pdf 2)    Hanson.J and Hunger.T (n.d.) â€Å"Network Studies for Offshore Wind Farm Grid Connections Technical Need and Commercial Optimization â€Å"  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2004ewec.info/files/23_1400_juttahanson_01.pdf 3)   Johnsen.D .et al. (n.d.) â€Å"Optimisation of the fault ride through strategy of a wind farm† frontwind.com/Paper%20Master%20Thesis.pdf 4)   Kazachkov.Y and Stapleton.S (2004), â€Å"Modeling Wind Farms for Power System Stability Studies† https://www.ptius.com/pti/company/eNewsletter/2004April/Modeling%20Wind%20Farms%20for%20Power%20System%20Stability%20Studies.pdf 5)    Kusiak.A .et al. (2010)   â€Å"Optimization of Wind Turbine Performance With Data-Driven Models† IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 1, NO. 2, JULY 2010 icaen.uiowa.edu/~ankusiak/Journal-papers/IEEE_2010_2.pdf 6)   Lingling.H, Yang.F and Xiaoming.G(2009) â€Å"Optimization of Electrical Connection Scheme for Large Offshore Wind Farm with Genetic Algorithm†Ã‚  Sustainable Power Generation and Supply, 2009. SUPERGEN 09  Ã‚   10.1109/SUPERGEN.2009.5348118 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=5348118 7)   Petru.T (2001), â€Å"Modeling of Wind Turbines for Power System Studies† http://webfiles.portal.chalmers.se/et/Lic/PetruTomasLic.pdf 8)   Petru.T and Thiringer.T (2002)   â€Å"Modeling of Wind Turbines for Power System Studies† IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 17, NO.4   http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1137604 9)   Sayedi.M (2009),†Evaluation of the DFIG Wind Turbine Built-in Model in PSSE†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://webfiles.portal.chalmers.se/et/MSc/SeyediMohammadMSc.pdf 10)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schmidt.M â€Å"Wind Turbine design Optimization† Strategic Energy Institute(Georgia Institute of Technology) . clemson.edu/scies/wind/Poster-Schmidt.pdf 11)   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Siemens   Energy manual Guide for PSS/E â€Å"(Available on internet) energy.siemens.com/us/en/services/power-transmission-distribution/power-technologies-international/software-solutions/pss-e.htm 12)   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Spectrum Power CC Manual†, Siemens Germany 13)   Ã…  imić.Z and MikuliÄ ić.V (n.d.) â€Å"Small Wind Off-Grid System Optimization Regarding Wind Turbine Power Curve† an IEEE paper. http://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/309501.Small_Wind_OffGrid_ZS_final.pdf 14)   Zhao.M, Chen.Z and Blaabjerg.F (2004) â€Å"Optimization of Electrical System for a Large DC Offshore Wind Farm by Genetic Algorithm â€Å" NORDIC WORKSHOP ON POWER AND INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 2004 – 037 APPENDIX: General Risk Assessment Form Date: (1) 11/5/2011 Assessed by: (2) Rajat Aggarwal Checked / Validated* by: (3)Martin Lorimer Location:   (4) Siemens, Manchester Assessment ref no (5) Review date: (6) Task / premises: (7) Wind Park Grid Connection Power Optimization :Modeling of Power system Activity (8) Hazard (9) Who might be harmed and how (10) Existing measures to control risk (11) Risk rating (12) Result (13) Continuous use of computer Eyes pain , back pain , Headache Myself , May lead to fatigue Proper Precautions while using computer Low T Computer crash Data crash Delay in project Data backup Medium A Fire Damage to the company Company working may be harmed Fire Safety Equipments Medium A