Exchanging Range of Fundamental Interactions

Exchanging Range of Fundamental Interactions 2-fctor change in the exchanging range of fundamental interactions S. S. Mortazavi, A. Farmany Department of Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran Abstract Minimal length uncertainty is used to study the fundamental interactions range. Both the quantum mechanical and the quantum gravitational effects are employed to calculate the range of exchanging interactions. It is shown that at the Planck scale, the range of interactions is 2- factor larger than the usual range of interactions. Introduction Study of unification of all fundamental interaction in the early universe is quite interesting problem in the both modern cosmology and quantum field theory point of view [1,2,3]. The modern scenario of the big bang cosmology at the early universe covered in the Weinberg’s First Three Minutes [4], and certain time regimes have been proposed with type of events as, before one Planck time, era of a Planck time, separation of the strong interaction, inflationary period, quark-antiquark period and finally the quark confinement. In this scenario, before the Planck time all of the four fundamental interactions are unified as one interaction etc [5]. Fundamental interactions are containing gravitation, electromagnetism, weak and strong interaction. However, because the effective QCD coupling is not small, performing a precise calculation f long-range strong interaction effects is problematic and we cannot use the perturbation theory [6]. At current analysis, the range of exchanging i nteraction [3] is calculated by taking into account the Heisenberg uncertainty principle that only considers the quantum effects. It is believed that the unification of fundamental interactions may accurse at the Planck regime. At the Planck regime, both the quantum and quantum gravitational effects are important. To have a complete analysis of exchanging interaction we must consider both quantum and quantum gravitational effects to our analysis. In this letter we have developed an approach related to the unification focusing on the effective range of interactions. Quantum field theory explains the exchanging of energy during the interactions via the interaction carriers, called bosons. The mechanism is based on the emitting particles which have no reality except to push or pull matter with the exchanging momentum. All fundamental interactions are involves the exchanging of one or more particles. For example the underlying color is involved an exchanging of particles labeled by gluo ns. Such exchanging interaction may be either attractive or repulsive, but is limited in the range by the nature of exchanging interaction that is constrained by the uncertainty principle. The separation of fundamental interactions in the early universe may be related to the separation of exchanging range of virtual particles based on the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism [1-5]. Alternatively, this may be viewed as a mechanism to separation of fundamental interactions. For example the range of color interaction is the shortest range and the range of gravity is the longer range. But in the early universe or in a very high energy probe there is unification between fundamental interactions. To obtain a complete picture of the range of exchanging interactions in a high-energy probe, it is important to consider both the quantum mechanical and quantum gravitational effects, by imposing the minimal length uncertainty relation. The problem is related to consider the quantum gravity effects on the exchanging interactions range. To study the quantum gravity effects on the exchanging particles, we can use the minimal length uncertainty [6-9], (1) Where is the Planck length. Dividing both side of relation (1) to the speed of light, we obtain a deformed form of usual time energy uncertainty as [9], (2) Where is the Planck time. Putting the natural units as, eq. (2) reads, (3) Solving (3) to minimum energy we obtain, (4) Expanding (4) around t’=0, obtains, (5) The energy of interaction which involves the exchanging particles is constrained by the uncertainty principle. According to special relativity a particle with mass of m has a rest energy as. So in the exchanging process, the particle does not go outside the constraints of uncertainty principle, (6) Combining (5) and (6) we give, (7) Theoretically, the exchanging particle virtual particle cannot exceed the speed of light and cannot travel faster than the speed of light c times than lifetime. Since the maximum range of a interaction () would be (8) The r.h.s of relation (8) have two term, the first term is the usual range of exchanging interaction and is a new term, this new term is obtained from the correction based on the minimal length uncertainty analysis. An important problem in the standard model is study of the unification of all fundamental interactions at the Planck time. If the usual range of fundamental interactions was compared with the range of fundamental interactions at the Planck scale, w obtain a surprising result. According to (8) each interaction contains two ranges of exchanging, and. If , then eq. (8) reads the usual range as, R usual (9) At the Planck time when, eq. (8) reads, (10) Comparing (9) with (10) we have, R planck = 2 R usual (11) From (11) it may be concluded that at the Planck scale, the range of interactions is 2- factor larger than the usual range of interactions. Conclusion A complete picture of the range of fundamental interactions may be obtained considering both the quantum mechanical and quantum gravitational effects. Using minimal length uncertainty the range of exchanging virtual particles is calculated. As shown by (11) at the Planck regime, the range of interactions is 2- factor larger than usual one. It is found that in the exchanging process of fundamental interactions, the mass of the carrier interactions (bosons) is an effective parameter. References [1] S. R. Coleman and E. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. D7, 1888 (1973). [2] J. Goldstone, Nuovo Cim. 19, 154 (1961), J. Goldstone, A. Salam, and S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev.127, (1962) 965, J. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio, Phys. Rev. 122 (1961) 345. [3] H. B. Nielsen and S. Chadha, Nucl. Phys. B105, (1976) 445. [4] P. Gaete and E. I. Guendelman, Phys. Lett. B640, 201 (2006) P. Gaete, E. Guendelman, E. Spallucci, Phys. Lett. B649: 218-224, 2007 V. A. Miransky and I. A. Shovkovy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88,111601 (2002). T. Brauner, Phys. Rev. D72, 076002 (2005),J. van Wezel, J. van den Brink, arXiv:physics/0609177, H. Fritzsch, M. Spannowsky, Europhys.Lett. 75 (2006) 882-886, X. Calmet Eur. Phys. J. C, 28 (2003) 451-454 ; X.Calmet and J.F. Oliver hep-ph/0606209 (2006). [5] S. Glasho, H. Georgi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 32, 438 (1974), H. Fritzsch and P. Minkowski, Annals Phys. 93 (1975) 193; H. Georgi, in Particles and Fields, (AIP, New York, 1975). H. Georgi, H. R. Quinn and S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 (1974) 451. P. Cziffra, M. H. MacGregor, M. J. Moravcsik, H. P. Stapp, Phys. Rev. 114(1959)880 P. Signell, Phys. Rev. Lett. 5(1960)1474 J. Binstock, R. Bryan, Phys. Rev. D 4(1971)1341 J. L. Friar, B. F. Gibson, G. L. Payne Phys. Rev. C 30 (1984)1084, [6] P. V. Landshoff, Acta Physica Polonica B 39(2008)2063 [7] R. Adler, Mod. Phys. Lett .A 14 (1999)1371, R. Adler, P. Chen, D. Santiago, Gen. Rel. Grav. 33 (2001) 2101, A. Kempf, G. Managano, Phys. Rev. D 55 (1997) 7909, M. Maggior, Phys. Rev. D 49(1994)5182 , [8] S. Hossenfelder et al, Phys.Rev. D73 (2006) 105013, Phys.Lett. B632 (2006) 379-383 [9] A. Farmany. S. Abbasi, A. Naghipour, Phys. Lett. B 650(2007)33, ibid Erratum 659 (2008) 913

The Carb-Cutting Atkins Diet Essay -- Health Nutrition Diet Exercise E

The Carb-Cutting Atkins Diet America is getting fatter. Recent statistics have shown large leaps in percentage the overweight in our country. As the obesity epidemic continues to grow, companies and nutritionists around the country work at a fanatical pace to develop new techniques which they claim can help prevent the emergence of an overweight America. Often, these techniques include diets – ranging from the highly sensible to the highly controversial. One such meal plan, which has recently been in the center stage of the media, is the carb-cutting Atkins Diet. Started in 1972 by the late Dr. Atkins, the diet of his namesake has had books, TV programs and even energy bars dedicated to it. One of these bars, the Atkins Advantage ® claims to be able to help with weight loss by lowering sugar levels in the blood, which in turn will aid in fat burning. One important question remains though: Is this claim supported? However, before answering this problem, we must first understand how the diet in question works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While many diets attempt to limit the number of calories consumed per meal, the Atkins diet instead tries to lower the carbohydrate content of these meals. The reasoning comes from the theory that carbohydrates - complex sugars found in bread and starchy foods, will lead to an increase in levels of another chemical, insulin. Insulin is a chemical that regulates several important factors in the human body, including that of weight and hunger. Nutritionists supporting the Atkins plan believe that high levels of insulin in the bloodstream actually slow down the body’s process of burning fat, known as lypolysis. In addition, Atkins supporters claim that because of the che... ...   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite the recent success and initial positive results of the Atkins diet, the bar does not seem to share the same qualities. Unfortunately for its creators, the Atkins Advantage ® bar contradicts the entire framework and basis of the Atkins Diet. While the goal of the energy bar was to reduce insulin levels, laboratory tests have suggested otherwise. Such would almost completely impair any benefits to the body from a low blood sugar level. It is quite possible that the excess insulin would store what little blood sugar there was in the body, and make consumers hungrier, faster. It appears that while many aspects of the Atkins diet do work on the premise of lowering blood insulin levels, the energy bar fails miserably. More tests would need to be performed, however, before a truly clear view of this bar and its effects can be formed.

Summary of “Saved by the Kindness of Virtual Stranger”

Summary of â€Å"Saved by the Kindness of Virtual Stranger† In this article entitled â€Å"Saved by the Kindness of a Virtual Stranger†, the writer describes his wife benefited from unexpected gift which change her life. He found out that her wife would need a kidney transplant within two years, so he tried to search of new medicine that helps her. The doctors explained that her best opportunity to regain her health was to receive a living kidney. The challenge was to find a healthy donor with same blood type .Otherwise; she must wait for 5 years for a cadaveric transplant. He couldn’t donate to her wife because the blood type was different also there were no candidates from her family and they need help but how to ask people to give up a kidney. They decided to ask their friend some agreed to be tested, but all of them eliminated in the first stage. Then one night when he was with Carolyn Hodges†friend from the work† on the train, he despairingly tol d her his wife situation.Next day she told him that she and her husband John were O blood type and they are ready to be tested as potential matches. Carolyn was eliminated shortly but John who they barely knew was the best available choice, despite that there was a resistance from his family members and friends . They ask â€Å"why should someone in good health donate for someone who hardly knows? †, but John believes that this is the way to make the world a better place and also he can save a human life .The procedure required two operating rooms with 20 person in surgical team and both was booked for two months. One week later there was a cancellation and they received word one afternoon to go to the hospital and the operation is next day morning. The operation was a success and the new kidney was working very well. John spent a few weeks to recover , and able to resume his normal life . They will never forget the selfless gift from john and they have learned that miracles come in myriad forms, including human, and john and his wife are living proof.

Business Continuity Plan For A Business - 1425 Words

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