Operation Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 212 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2018/12/27 Category Management Essay Type Assignment Level High school Tags: Organization Essay Did you like this example? Operation management connotes to the process of administering practices related to business with the aim of creating the highest level of efficiency possible within an organization. When carrying out an operation management, there are three factors that the administrator considers. These factors include; the work process of the team, the training that the different employees have gone through in the organization and finally the scheduling in the body. This paper endeavors to bring to various light issues in operation management. Firstly, it concentrates on why estimations are correct for classes or groups of items compared to individual elements. Secondly, it seeks to describe the three pros of quantitative forecasting methods, the three process of qualitative forecasting methods. It goes ahead to discuss why marketing is essential in making capacity decisions and finally how much safety stock the management keeps on hand. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Operation Management" essay for you Create order Beginning with why estimations are correct for families of products rather than particular products. It of importance to note that characteristics of specific products in a class is different even if the class has shared features. It makes it easier to make forecast even if components of individual item changes because not all the items can have a change in their characteristic at the same time thus making group forecasting appropriate.

The Pulmonary Function Tests Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Development of our state has lead to rapid urbanisation and there is addition usage of cars that is worsening environmental pollution. Occupational exposure to automobile fumes and industrial fumes has been shown to impact operation of different systems of the organic structure. The present survey was taken up to measure the Pulmonary Function Tests ( PFT ) in car jinrikisha drivers of Gulbarga metropolis. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pulmonary Function Tests Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Methods: Fifty non -smoker male car drivers in the age group of 20-50 old ages for more than 5 old ages of car driving experience formed the survey group. Age and sex matched persons non exposed to car rickshaw driving [ administrative staff ] formed the control group. Pulmonary map parametric quantities FVC, FEV1, FEV1 % , PEFR, PIFR, FEF25-75, FEF50 and MVV were assessed utilizing computerized Spiro metre during their on the job hours and were statistically analyzed. Consequences: There was a extremely important lessening in FVC and FEV1 in survey group compared to command group. The lessening in FEV1 % , PIFR, FEF25-75 and FEF50 were statistically important but the lessening in PEFR and MVV were statistically non-significant. Decision: Our findings point towards the inauspicious effects of vehicle fumes on lung maps, chiefly on lower air passages with restrictive form of disease. Keywords: Cars, Auto drivers, Pulmonary maps trials. Introduction Numerous epidemiological surveies have documented decreases in pneumonic map and assorted other wellness jobs associated with long term air pollution exposure1.Health effects of occupational exposure to crude oil bluess and air pollution from vehicular beginnings is comparatively undiscovered among car jinrikisha drivers. To run into the present twenty-four hours demand, there is an addition car usage and because of the prevailing function of gasolene [ gasoline ] as a motor vehicle fuel, the effects of gasolene engine emanations are potentially even greater jobs. In the individuals exposed to these pollutants, pneumonic map trials are used as testing trials to find their effects2.Therefore, the present survey is taken up to measure the alterations in Pulmonary Function Tests ( PFTs ) like Forced Vital Capacity ( FVC ) , Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second ( FEV1 ) , FEV1/FVC ratio, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate ( PEFR ) , Peak Inspiratory Flow Rate ( PIFR ) , Forced Expiratory Flow in 25-75 % of critical capacity ( FEF25-75 ) , Forced Expiratory Flow at 50 % of critical capacity ( FEF50 ) and Maximum Voluntary Ventilation ( MVV ) of car jinrikisha drivers in Gulbarga metropolis. Materials A ; Methods: The present survey was conducted in Salgar infirmary of Gulbarga metropolis. Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Ethical Committee and each topic gave the consent. The survey group consisted of 50 males in the age group of 20-50 twelvemonth, who were driving car jinrikisha for 8 hours per twenty-four hours for more than 5 old ages in Gulbarga metropolis. The control group consisted of 50 males of same age group from administrative station, who were non exposed to car jinrikisha drive. The topics chosen in the survey and the control group had no history of allergic upsets, respiratory upsets like asthma, or any systemic disease, no history of smoke, masticating baccy and consumption of intoxicant. Age, tallness, and weight were recorded. All the Pulmonary maps were tested during twenty-four hours clip utilizing computerized Spiro metre [ MEDSPIROR ] .The topics were familiarized with the instrument. All the trials were carried out at the same clip of the twenty-four hours, between 10-11 AM. All the topics were in sitting place and have oning nose clips3. The topics were asked to take a breath forcefully following deep inspiration into the mouthpiece attached to the pneumatachometer. 3 trails of maximum Inspiratory and expiratory attempts were made and the best reading was taken for statistical analysis. Statistical method used in our survey was pupil ‘s odd T trial utilizing SPSS-16. The P lt ; 0.05 was considered statistically important and P lt ; 0.001 wa s considered extremely statistically important. Consequences: The average value of the ages of the topics was 36.4AÂ ±7.40 and that the average value of the controls was 34.8AÂ ±3.76. The average value of the highs of the topics was 170.40 AÂ ± 3.39 and the average value of the controls was 174.60 AÂ ± 4.15 and the average value of the weights of the topics was 72.60 AÂ ± 7.56 and that of the controls was 74.40 AÂ ± 8.24. The topics and controls did non differ significantly on above parametric quantities. Table-1: Comparison of lung volumes and capacities between survey and control groups Parameter Study group ( n=50 ) Mean AÂ ±SD Control group ( n=50 ) Mean AÂ ±SD p-value FVC ( L ) 2.77AÂ ±0.41 3.33AÂ ±0.50 0.001** FEV1 ( L ) 2.67AÂ ±0.46 3.11AÂ ±0.33 0.001** FEV1 % 88.25AÂ ±13.34 90.31AÂ ±10.12 0.050* MVV ( L/min ) 110.80AÂ ±18.63 130.16AÂ ±26.89 0.059 *P value lt ; 0.05 is statistically Significant, **P value lt ; 0.001 is extremely statistically Significant Table-2: Comparison of flow rates among survey and control groups Parameter Study group ( n=50 ) Mean AÂ ±SD Control group ( n=50 ) Mean AÂ ±SD P value PEFR ( L/min ) 5.47AÂ ±1.40 7.05AÂ ±1.59 0.15 PIFR ( L/min ) 2.21AÂ ±0.67 3.61AÂ ±1.10 0.04* FEF25-75 ( L/min ) 3.60AÂ ±1.33 4.85AÂ ±1.11 0.04* FEF50 ( L/min ) 4.16AÂ ±1.22 5.17AÂ ±1.32 0.05* *P value lt ; 0.05 indicates statistically Significant value. Discussion: Occupational wellness has been deriving importance for the fact that long term exposure to vehicle fumes, gasoline and dust can take to a lasting morbidity. The acute wellness hazards involved are minimum, provided that the precautional methods are used in conformity with appropriate wellness and safety patterns. Highly statistically important lessening in FVC and FEV1 was observed in car drivers when compared to their controls, and their ratio ( FEV1 % ) was important between the two groups. This determination indicates the restrictive form of pneumonic engagement in the survey group. Auto jinrikisha drivers are at hazard of dust inspiration, gasoline vapour inspiration and besides inspiration of car fumes for a longer period of clip that is at least 8 hours per twenty-four hours for more than one twelvemonth and they have more opportunities of chronic engagement of lungs as indicated by the consequences in the present survey. The benzine content of gasoline has typically been in the scope 1-5 % may be an aggravating factor for the lung map abnormalcies observed as the survey groups were nonsmokers. Smoking as an independent variable was found to impact FEV1 significantly and smoke has shown to speed up the diminution in lung map in a clip dependent manner4. As the car drivers are most of th e clip on busy roads and exposed to automobile fumes and other air pollutants. Automobile fumes is a complex mixture of different gases like Sculpture dioxide ( SO2 ) , Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide ( CO ) , Nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ) and particulate affair. Some surveies have demonstrated that exposure to particulate affair combined with exposure to an irritant gas such as NO2 consequences in greater harm to the lung than when exposed to either substances individually5.In combination with particulate pollutants, SO2 and NO2 have a greater opportunity to make the deeper parts of the lungs. The gaseous pollutants may besides change the belongingss and concentration of surfactant and contribute to the early closing of little air passages. Much of the terminal bronchioles may be compromised before other pneumonic map trials such as FEV1 are affected6. Few histopathological surveies have provided grounds that the little air passages are the site of harm in people populating in countries of high air pollution7. Atoms generated from Diesel fumes are highly little and are present in the karyon or accretion manners with diameter of 0.02 am and 0.2 am severally. These little sized atoms, by virtuousness of their greater surface country to mass ratio, can transport a much larger fraction of toxic compounds, such as hydrocarbons and metals on their surface. Importantly they can stay airborne for long periods of clip and acquire deposited in greater Numberss and deeper into the lungs than big sized atoms. Hence chronic exposure to them can take to chronic redness of respiratory piece of land and lung parenchyma. These would lend to the significant lessening in lung maps in the signifier of restrictive form as indicated in the present survey. Rajkumar studied the consequence of air pollution on respiratory system of car jinrikisha drivers i n Delhi. The survey found that ( 19 % ) drivers showed normal Pulmonary Function Test ( PFT ) . ( 80 % ) showed mild and moderate to terrible obstructor, of which ( 48 % ) were non-smokers and ( 52 % ) were tobacco users and the consequence concludes that car jinrikisha drivers have a high respiratory morbidity due to exposure to pollution.8 In a survey, reduced mechanical belongingss of take a breathing were attributed to exposure to benzene in the bluess of petrol9. Bijendra Kumar et Al examined the pneumonic map trial in three Wheeler Diesel cab drivers in Bikaner metropolis. They found restrictive damage in 87 % of survey group, of which 50 % were tobacco users and 37 % were non-smokers, assorted form ( both restrictive and early clogging damage ) was found in merely 13 % of survey group, of which 7 % were tobacco users and 5 % non-smoker. So they concluded that when all the five parametric quantities ( FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEF 25-75 % and PEFR ) were taken together they were de clarative of assorted form ( clogging and restrictive ) lung impairments10. Chattopadhyay et al conducted a survey on garage workers, drivers and music directors of Kolkata metropolis to measure the pneumonic map position of these workers and found that FEV1, FEV1 % and flow rates, FEF 02-121, FEF25 % -75 % values showed gradual decrease as age and continuance of exposure increased11.From the present survey it was concluded that respiratory maps of car jinrikisha drivers who are continuously exposed to emanations from vehicles, gasoline vapour and dust were significantly reduced as compared to respiratory maps of age, weight and tallness matched control groups. Recommendation: To forestall the respiratory disfunction among car drivers, medical observation and periodic check-ups for pneumonic map trials should be performed. Control schemes should be adopted to cut down the vapour concentration in the air, like vapour adsorbents and to cut down the benzine concentration in the ambient air. Personal protective equipment must be worn by car jinrikisha drivers. Imparting wellness instruction to car jinrikisha drivers will forestall respiratory morbidity. Further long term position surveies on car jinrikisha drivers will assist in acquiring a comprehensive image of long term effects. Recognition: This research paper is made possible by the support from the participants of our survey. We dedicate our recognition of gratitude towards Mr.Shaik.Meera and Dr. Rashmi.C.G as they kindly read our paper and offered valuable elaborate advices on grammar, organisation, and subject of the paper. Finally, we unfeignedly thank Godhead, household and friends, who provided fiscal support and timely advice. How to cite The Pulmonary Function Tests Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Rock And Roll Essay Example For Students

Rock And Roll Essay In this essay, Im going to introduce to the reader a topic not touched a lot because of its complexity and its avoidance by conservative adults. This topic is, of course, Rock Music. During one week, I looked for information in the library and at my house, and from the information I gathered and my one knowledge about the topic, Im going to lead the reader to a better understanding of Rock n Roll. I chose to do Rock music because I can identify myself with it. Rock music is very complex. In fact Its stylistic scope is to broad to be encompassed by any single definition (Rock Music, Groliers, p.1). The nearest definition suggests a kind of music that represents and speaks for the teenage society. This music is characterized by using a heavy beat. In this essay, Im going to divide Rock music into four sections: Rock of the 50s, of the 60s, of the 70s and of the 80s. Within these sections Im also going to discuss several sub-topics such as famous composers and groups, and characteristic s of the music. The first section of this essay is Rock n Roll of the 1950s, when Rock n Roll was born. It emerged from rhythm and blues, a music similar to jazz played by blacks. This kind of music started to attract white teenagers. Disc jockey Alan Freed was the one who introduced this music and later gave it the name of Rock n Roll. Record companies distributed records played by whites but composed by blacks. Whites were frustrated because there werent any white artists and they didnt want the blacks to be the stars until Bill Haley appeared with his Rock Around the Clock. In this decade, Elvis Presley introduced a music that was sexual suggestive and outraged dull adults. In time he changed the style of the music by adopting a country and western style and became a national hero. By the end of this decade and the start of the next, Rock n Roll started to decline because it was formula ridden and it was too sentimental. Teenage audiences transferred their allegiance to Folk musi c. In 1963 the renewal of Rock n Roll came when The Beatles started to play. The Beatles, for some the best rock group ever, were from Liverpool, England. Through the 60s, The Beatles dominated the record industries and with their dominant instrumentation, which included: electric leads, rhythm, and bass guitar, drums and sometimes an electric organ, changed the name of Rock n Roll to just Rock. During the 1960s many other styles of music arose from Rock like, Motown, Soul music, Jazz-rock , Folk-rock and others. Folk-Rock the most appreciated of this derivations and was first suggested by Bob Dylan. This kind of music brought to folk music a hard beat and amplification; and to Rock, a new poetic style. California was one of the major centers of rock activity and experimentation during the decade. First it was characterize for its surfing music, a very joyful music that reflected the fun people had while surfing. The Beach Boys were the ones who introduced this kind of music. At the end of the century this happy kind of music changed to a more rebellious style that was designated the name of hippie music. Groups that played this music were Country Joe and The Mamas and The Papas. Along with this hippie ideas popularity of hallucinogenic drugs produced a psychedelic style of music called Acid Rock. By the end of the 60s the distinctions between Rock n Roll and Rock were evident. The early instruments- saxophone, piano, amplified guitar, and drums- had been changed to electric guitar and bass, amplified drums and other electronic devices. Not only did the instruments change but so did the ideas behind the music. For example, to the lyrics of teenage love and adolescent concerns were added social commentary, glorification of drugs and free-association poetry(Rock Music, Groliers, p.1). Groups like The Beach Boys, Crew Cuts and The Everly Brothers were replaced by more imaginative, non-descriptive names groups like The Who, Jefferson Airplane, Big Brother and Hold ing Company. The Who, the most famous of these groups, were originally from England and were reknowned because of their bizarre stage performances, they would destroy their instruments after their performance finished. The Who was one of the first rock groups. In the 70s, the common barriers of rock broke into more divisions, like hard rock and mellow rock. Hard Rock was extremely loud and electronically amplified and Mellow Rock was softer and with acoustic instruments. In 1972, in Jamaica, a new style of music was created called Reggae. Reggae is a mixture of rock, soul, calypso and Latin music. The king of Reggae was Bob Marley. Other styles more in rocks borders, since Reggae was more latin than rock, were created in the middle of this century, like: bubble gum rock, a funny playful music directed to the youngest fans, Punk Rock, a loud, hard rock style derived from acid rock and marked by its extremes of costume and staging (Rock Music, Encarta, p.1), and Heavy Metal, which con tinued the approach to Acid Rock but with a simpler musical dimension but relying upon the power of repetitiveness, loud volume, and electronic distortion. .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239 , .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239 .postImageUrl , .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239 , .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239:hover , .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239:visited , .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239:active { border:0!important; } .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239:active , .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239 .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc0ceefca9c423e5a43e1385dcfa74239:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: General Prologue: Human Dishonesty, Stupidity and Essay One famous group of Heavy Metal was Led Zeppelin, a British group that was formed in 1968 by Jimmy Page (lead guitar), Robert Plant (lead singer), John Paul Jones (pianist and bassist) and John Bonham (drummer). Most music of this decade was intended to be listened to, but not to be danced. But this intention wasnt kept by Disco music that arose in 1977 and was especially for dancing. One great group of Disco music were the Bee Gees. Disco music was described by rock fans as mechanical, commercial and unlyrical (which is true). At the end of this decade, rock, again became a dominant cultural force. The last but not least section of this essay is rock of the 80s. At the start of this last decade, rock groups became more production oriented, mainly because of the sudden explosion of videos. This new sensation was a good way to sell music to the people. Heavy metal bands were greatly pushed by videos, but most helped were the popular performers like Michael Jackson, Prince and Boy George. The influence of British bands of punk, disco, reggae and pop-rock was still big in the U.S. Rock scene. At the same time, there of nostalgia to return to the older pre rock music, like rhythm and blues, which was suggested by played by Elvis Costello. By the middle of the 80s, almost every country had begun to support indigenous music, and at the end of this a vigorous talk-song style called rap became extremely popular among urban black teenagers (Rock Music, Encarta, p.1.). Rock music taught me to appreciate things in a different way. Ive learned this since rock is not an exact science, it can change. In fact Rock music helps me relax ( I would have been able to finish writing this essay with rock music). After writing this essay I have learned the origins of rock and the branches of it, but that wasnt my intention. I wrote this essay to express myself with it because I feel I can show myself with rock music. I think rock has become social phenomenal.

Privacy and Homeland Security

Introduction Privacy of individuals is an issue of concern. This confidentiality is guaranteed under the Privacy Act of 1974, 5 USC 552a. Provisions of privacy of citizens guarantee every individual that his or her personal identification information should not be collected without legal authority.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Privacy and Homeland Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) along with policies and technology, are violating people’s right to privacy. The information collected about an individual by the federal government and its authorities should only be done with legal authorization. The Department of Homeland Security has gone ahead to maintain this information in a way that allows its access by unauthorized persons, groups, or institutions. In the common law, any person who is aggrieved by one who illegally intrudes into his o r her privacy discloses any personal information, or does false publication about people’s names can initiate a lawsuit. No one should be compelled to give his or her private information unless under the authority of the law in case of investigations. The Department of Homeland Security is charged with the responsibility of providing mechanisms to ensure security to all Americans. However, the need to ensure intelligence makes the department endeavor to collect personal information in diverse ways. As various agencies of the DHS collect information, privacy Acts require the department to provide that there is authority, purpose, routine, and disclosure regulation. There have been controversies about the way Homeland Security officers collect information from citizens. Various quarters have risen complains that the department collects Personally Identifiable Information (PII) without legal authority. The department has also been accused of illegal disclosure of personal inform ation. Therefore, this research proves that if privacy is subverted, with the DHS practices continuing to be under the umbrella of safety, civil rights will continue to diminish until they are non-existent. To support this thesis statement, the report will rely highly on the Privacy Act of 1974, the US Constitution, the Patriot Act, the National Defense Authorization Act, department policies and memorandums, scholarly journals and law reviews, E-Government Act of 2002, and the Federal Records Act among others. The findings will be useful in enhancing the application of contract laws since they reveal the instances when Personally Identifiable Information (PII) can be collected, revealed, or shared.Advertising Looking for research paper on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research Questions This paper seeks to address the following questions: Why is the Department of Homeland Security violating citizens†™ constitutional rights in exchange for protection? Should the willingness to provide personally identifiable information (PII) be voluntary or mandatory by law? Hypothesis Based on the above research questions that have been raised on matters of privacy and homeland security, the paper hypothesizes that the United States citizens are willing to give up their right to privacy in the name of security. The willingness to provide personally identifiable information (PII) should be made voluntary by amending various US Acts on confidentiality. Review of Literature There is a wide range of theoretical and conceptual literature on the issue of privacy and homeland security. The security of the federation of the United States of America is the most critical issue on matters of national interest. The conceptual framework derives its force from the fourth amendment, which gives people the right to be free of any unwarranted search as Marc reveals1. Also, the fourteenth amendment gives th em the right to due process. According to Jacob, â€Å"the Harvard Law Review of 1890 provided the theoretical basis of the right  to privacy†2, which has been cited by many books and courts. Several former presidents of the United States of America have been assassinated in the past. Moreover, the September 2001 attack on the World Trade Center by terrorists caught the country off guard. Since the September 11 attack, the homeland security has intensified its security plans, as addressed in the National Defense Authorization Act.  According to William, the need to ensure the privacy of citizens resulted in the â€Å"formation of the privacy office in the Department of Homeland Security†3. Under the Privacy Act of 1974, the Department of Homeland Security is charged with the responsibility of protecting the privacy of all Americans. However, transparency in the Department of Homeland Security is also guaranteed under various Acts. William notes that transparency re gulates the adoption of different privacy rules in planning matters of security4. It also ensures that the technology adopted by various institutions, including the Department of Homeland Security, adheres to privacy regulations. The need for transparency recommends the Department of Homeland Security take fair information Practice principles (FIPPs) in its endeavor to ensure the privacy of citizens. The federal laws should also regulate the purpose for which personally identifiable information is to be obtained. Officers of the departments are restricted by the Privacy Act of 1974 from obtaining Personally Identifiable Information from citizens without the right authorization. However, the issue of security threats in the US has forced many Americans to give out much of their personal and/or private information in the name of securing themselves. This Act has tampered with their civil liberty. Civil liberty violations and privacy issues are emerging. One of the significant problems in matters of privacy is authorization. Paul and Daniel affirm that officers from the homeland security agencies that collect PII must have the right legal authority to carry out the duty5. Article 2 (10) of the Montana constitution directs that unauthorized persons cannot obtain personally identifiable information from any citizen in the United States.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Privacy and Homeland Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Officers from various defense bureaus must be authorized to obtain private information. Not all officers are allowed to collect personally identifiable information. However, many of them from multiple agencies within the DHS misuse their powers to violate the privacy rights by fostering relationships with the business sector and local law enforcement, as well as, using technology to invade people’s personal lives. They do not obtain executive order befo re carrying out duties related to matters of privacy. The Privacy Act 5 USC 552a protects every citizen under investigation by the homeland security by ensuring that all information that such security officers may obtain from him or her is used only for the legally authorized purpose. Besides, homeland security is restricted by the same Act to get only the necessary and related information. Elizabeth asserts that the need to ensure security and intelligence information should not be a reason to push people into giving out all their details6. Homeland security regulations on how to obtain information are spelled out in the Privacy Act of 1974, for example, the Privacy Act 1974, 5 USC, 552a (e) (3). All investigative bodies and agencies that seek intelligence information from various individuals are required by law to provide such individuals with the Privacy Act Statement. Collection of PII from an individual without his or her consent and/or the provision of the Privacy Act Statemen t is considered illegal. In fact, even when the homeland security wants to collect information for other purposes other than for storage, the Privacy Act statement must be issued to the respondent. The need to obtain such documents like the Privacy Act Statement has made many security agencies associate the regulations with obstacles towards speedy and free access to intelligence information. According to Jacob, many quarters of homeland security argue that homeland security officers should be allowed to access personal information from any individual without warning or consent7. The debate behind this school of thought is that as the security officers prepare the documents and/or issue them to the alleged criminals, the criminals are able to escape or adjust the information, hence tampering with the justice process. Privacy Acts have, therefore, been associated with obstruction of intelligence in the federation.  Another essential aspect of matters of privacy and homeland securit y is the storage of PII by the authorities in the name of security. The privacy Act regulates the disclosure of personal information by homeland security to other individuals or organizations.Advertising Looking for research paper on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to William, personally identifiable information is supposed to be guarded in the best way possible to ensure that no unauthorized person is able to access it and that no wrong reasons, for instance, giving up some of the Americans’ rights in order to be safe and/or prevent another 9/118. Storage and routine management of information are also regulated by the Privacy Act. Not every person who works in homeland security can be trusted with private information. The persons on whom privacy information can be disclosed is also regulated by statutes such as Shine the Light Law (2005) SB 27 and CA Civil Code 1798.83). Such persons are adjusted based on whether they are within the homeland security department and/or the purpose for which they intend to use the information. The purpose of collecting personally identifiable information is also regulated by the Privacy Act of 1974. Authorization statements that are issued to various security officers are not issued without a c rucial purpose. Before authorization to obtain private information is issued by the homeland security, the Department of Homeland Security ensures that it can be able to cite factual leads that warrant investigation of a particular individual. The purpose for which personally identifiable information is obtained must also be made known to the Americans from whom the information is obtained. According to William, â€Å"Article 1, 1 CA SB 1386 of the California law provides that privacy is one of the inalienable rights†9. Therefore, information obtained must not be used for other purposes other than that which was disclosed to the person at the point of receiving it. The Act also regulates that PII information stored in the homeland security database should be deleted immediately after its use is over. However, one would wonder why the issue of security in the US should be used as a basis to lure Americans into unveiling that which they should keep sealed. Paul and Daniel affir m that proper disclosure of personally identifiable information should be carried out to avoid releasing it to unauthorized persons10. The ‘Shine the Light’ Law (2005) SB 27, CA Civil Code 1798.83 regulates the disclosure of any private information. Disclosure of personally identifiable information is another issue with privacy and homeland security. Should disclosure of PII be voluntary or mandatory? The Privacy Act of 1974 directs that private information should be obtained in a deliberate manner. However, the Act gives exceptions that disclosure can be mandatory. A duty to provide information is imposed by the federal statute. Elizabeth asserts that compulsory disclosure of information can also be warranted by an order from the executive11. In addition, the US Constitution and the Patriot Acts also warrant for mandatory disclosure of information by an individual. Moreover, persons who are required by various statutes to disclose information are liable for punishment by law if they fail to provide such information. Persons who refuse to offer information that is much required by homeland security are denied some of the privileges and benefits guaranteed by the US constitution. I  t is out of such clauses in the Privacy Act that the human rights organizations and human rights activists in America have raised protests. The claim is that obtaining information from any individual through forceful means contravenes the bill of rights. Elizabeth asserts that proper use of the privacy statutes will be of importance to the contract law12. It will be possible to prevent intrusion of solitude and misuse of powers to intrude into Americans’ private details in the name of heightening their security. Article 2 (10) of the Montana constitution guarantees the right to personal privacy. Privacy laws will ensure that no agency will be allowed to force its way to another in terms of electronics or even physically. It will also be illegal for homeland sec urity to disclose a private fact. Currently, there have been arguments around disclosure of truthful facts about a person. Methodology The research will adopt a descriptive survey method. The study will rely on first-hand data that will be collected through direct interviews on a representative sample of security officers, legal officers, and citizens. An example of 100 security officers from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 50 judicial officers practicing in various states of the United States, and 100 citizens of the United States will be used. 250 people will be taken as a good representative sample from the whole population involved in matters of privacy and homeland security. The interviews will be conducted by issuing a questionnaire with both closed and open-ended questions. The resultant data will then be coded and presented in the form of tables and analyzed in graphs. Data Presentation Table 1.0 Ways in which Homeland Security interferes with privacy in America Stakeholders in privacy and homeland security/Factor of privacy Security officers (out of 100) Percentage Legal officers (out of 50) Percentage Citizens (out of 100) Percentage Unauthorized access to PII 54 54% 40 80% 88 88% Unexplained Purpose of PII 88 88% 46 92% 90 90% Illegal disclosure of PII 40 40% 24 48% 30 30% Mandatory provision of PII 60 60% 45 90% 88% 88% Graph 1.0 Table 1.0 Ways in which Homeland Security interferes with privacy in America Analysis Table 1.0 indicates various ways in which homeland security interferes with privacy in the name of securing the Americans’ life. From table 1.0, security officers rated access to personally identifiable information without legal authorization at 54%, 80% by licensed practitioners, and 88% by ordinary citizens. The indication is that security officers who thought that the privacy of individuals was interfered with were the least while most of the citizens believed that unauthorized way of obtaining PII prof oundly interfered with their privacy. In the same way, 80% of legal practitioners were for the same idea. A staggering 88% of the citizens who are the primary victims of a violation of privacy thought that the police threatened their security without authorization in the name of securing them. The implication is that homeland security officers do not obtain legal authority in most cases before intruding into individuals’ privacy by collecting personally identifiable information. Graph 1.0 also shows that homeland security violates privacy laws by carrying out unexplained purpose searches. Both table 1.0 and figure 1.0 indicate that 88% of the homeland security officers, 92% of the legal officers, and 90% of the ordinary citizens responded that security officers did not explain the purpose of the personally identifiable information that they obtained from the citizens. An average of 90% of the population sample that the research adopted believed that homeland security violated the Privacy Act of 1974 by obtaining Personally Identifiable Information without explaining its purpose to the suspects. All respondents rated violation of privacy through unexplained investigations above average. Graph 1.0 further shows that 88% of security officers who carry out the investigations did not find importance in explaining the reason for inquiries to the suspect as William reveals13. Therefore, they violated the terms of the Privacy Act. A higher 90% of the ordinary citizens affirmed that homeland security officers violated their right to privacy through unexplained searches where they were required to provide personally identifiable information. From graph 1.0, the highest score of 92% was obtained from legal practitioners who responded that they had witnessed violation of privacy laws from officers who did not explain the purpose of investigation to the victims. able 1.0 also indicates that 40% of homeland security officers, 48% of legal officers, and 30% of the ord inary citizens believed that privacy rights in America were being violated by homeland security by disclosure of personally identifiable information. Graph 1.0 shows that all the ratings of privacy violation by homeland security through exposure were below average. In fact, the ordinary civilians rated it at a staggering 30%, with security officers rating it as low as 40% while lawyers rated it at 48%. The average rating of violation of privacy through disclosure was at 39%. We can interpret that violation of privacy rights through disclosure of PII was below average in America. From table 1.0, it is clear that 60% of the homeland security officers responded that privacy rights of American might have been violated in cases of mandatory provision of PII. 90% of the legal practitioners thought that the privacy of individuals was violated through the fundamental ways of obtaining PII. 88% of the civilians also responded that violation of privacy was enhanced through effective methods o f obtaining personally identifiable information. An average of 79% of the population believed that the mandatory provision of PII was one of the prominent ways of violating privacy in America. It is therefore clear from graph 1.0 that the privacy rights of American citizens are being violated through the mandatory provision of PII, which is provided for in the 1974 Privacy Act. The claim is that the violation is legal since it is provided for by the Privacy Act itself. It is therefore recommended that the Act be amended to abolish mandatory provision of PII, failure to which civilians will be punished by law. Table 2.0 Exchanging privacy with protection Opinion/stakeholder Yes Percentage No Percentage Indifferent Percentage Security officers (out of 100) 4 4% 92 92% 4 4% Legal officers (out of 50) 40 40% 50 50% 10 10% Ordinary citizens (out of 100) 20 20% 76 76% 4 4% Graph 2.0 Privacy and security: not interchangeable Table 2.0 and graph 2.0 verify the claims of whether security matters should be used as a basis of tampering with people’s privacy. From graph 2.0, we see that 4% of security officers, 40% of legal officers, and 20% of civilians (an average of 51%) believed that privacy should not be exchanged with security. Intimacy does not hinder the security apparatus from obtaining intelligence information. Therefore, Americans should not give out their details in exchange for security. This may be attributed to the fact that unless the security apparatus obtains authorization to obtain PII, they should not investigate a suspect. The time taken to get approval does not interfere with the quality of evidence that the intelligence can gather, hence refuting the claim that lack of some private details obstructs security intelligence. Approval by an average of 51% of the population can be interpreted that privacy laws do not obstruct the process of obtaining intelligence security information. Therefore, officers should not just abuse their ma ndates by interfering with the privacy of people by seeking unnecessary personal details. Moreover, graph 2.0 shows that 92% of security officers, 50% of legal practitioners, and 76% of civilians were opposed to the idea of obstruction of security by privacy laws. An average of 43% of the population did not believe that privacy hinders security. We can deduce that there was no considerable obstruction of security by privacy laws since the rating under this question was below average. Another 4% of security officers, 10% of legal officers, and 4% of civilians were indifferent of the issue of privacy and homeland security. This was an average of 5% of the population. Conclusion The research was set to investigate the issue of privacy and homeland security. The research hypothesized that the DHS uses and/or abuses policies and technology to invade peoples’ private lives and personal privacy. Through primary research, the researchers realized that there was considerable truth in this hypothesis since the above average population in America affirmed this idea. As such, the willingness to provide personally identifiable information (PII) should be made voluntary by the amendment of various Acts on privacy. The research also upheld the hypothesis since the analysis of data indicated that the current Privacy Act of 1974 allowed violation of privacy under the disguise of mandatory provision of information. The fact that an officer had authorization allowed him or her to use punishment and deprivation of rights and privileges to obtain PII from a civilian. The research, therefore, concludes that the Act should be amended to embrace full privacy under the first amendment and the 19th amendment of the American law, which positions privacy as an inalienable human right. References Elizabeth Uzelae, Reviving the Privacy Protection Act of 1980, 107 Northwestern University L. Rev. 1437 (2013). Jacob Strahilevitz, Toward A Positive Theory of Privacy Law, 126 Harvard L. Rev. 2010 (2013). Marc Blitz, The Fourth Amendment Future of Public Surveillance: Remote Recording and other searches in Public Space, 21 American University L. Rev. 63 (2013). Paul Schwartz, and Daniel Solove, The PII Problem: Privacy and A New Concept of Personally Identifiable Information, 86 New York University L. Rev. 1814 (2011). William Mitchell, National Security: Part I: Five Questions on National Security Law: Responses to the Five Questions, 38 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 1564 (2012). William Prosser, Privacy, 48 California L. Rev. 383 (1960). Footnotes 1 Marc Blitz, The Fourth Amendment Future of Public Surveillance: Remote Recording and other searches in Public Space, 21 American University L. Rev. 63 (2013) 2 Jacob Strahilevitz, Toward A Positive Theory of Privacy Law, 126 Harvard L. Rev. 2010 (2013), 2010 3 William Prosser, Privacy, 48 California L. Rev. 383 (1960), 383 4 Ibid, 383 5 Paul Schwartz, and Daniel Solove, The PII Problem: Privacy and A New Concept of Personally I dentifiable Information, 86 New York University L. Rev. 1814 (2011), 1814 6 Elizabeth Uzelae, Reviving the Privacy Protection Act of 1980, 107 Northwestern University L. Rev. 1437 (2013), 1437 7 Jacob Strahilevitz, Toward A Positive Theory of Privacy Law, 126 Harvard L. Rev. 2010 (2013), 2010 8 William Prosser, Privacy, 48 California L. Rev. 383 (1960), 383 9 William Prosser, Privacy, 48 California L. Rev. 383 (1960), 383 10 Paul Schwartz, and Daniel Solove, The PII Problem: Privacy and A New Concept of Personally Identifiable Information, 86 New York University L. Rev. 1814 (2011), 1814 11 Elizabeth Uzelae, Reviving the Privacy Protection Act of 1980, 107 Northwestern University L. Rev. 1437 (2013) 12 Elizabeth Uzelae, Reviving the Privacy Protection Act of 1980, 107 Northwestern University L. Rev. 1437 (2013), 1437 13 William Mitchell, National Security: Part I: Five Questions on National Security Law: Responses to the Five Questions, 38 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 1564 (2012) This research paper on Privacy and Homeland Security was written and submitted by user GhostRider to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Learn More about the Bright Star Sirius

Learn More about the Bright Star Sirius Sirius, also known as the Dog Star, is the brightest star in our night-time sky. Its also  the sixth closest star to Earth, at a distance of  8.6 light-years. (A light-year is the distance that light travels in a year). The name Sirius comes from the ancient Greek word for scorching and it has fascinated observers throughout human history because of its brightness and colorful twinkling. Astronomers began seriously studying Sirius in the 1800s, and continue to do so today. It is usually noted on star maps and charts as alpha Canis Majoris, the brightest star in the constellation Canis Major (the Big Dog).  Sirius is visible from most parts of the world (except for very northerly or southerly regions), and can sometimes be seen during the day if conditions are right.   The Science of Sirius The astronomer Edmond Halley observed Sirius in 1718 and determined its proper motion (that is, its actual motion through space). More than a century later, astronomer William Huggins measured the  actual velocity  of Sirius by taking a spectrum of its light, which revealed data about its speed. Further measurements showed that this star is actually moving toward the Sun at a velocity of about 7.6 kilometers per second.   Astronomers long suspected that Sirius might have a companion star. It would be hard to spot since Sirius itself is so bright. But, they kept looking for it. In 1844, F.W. Bessel used analysis of its motion to determine that Sirius really did have a companion. That discovery was finally confirmed by telescope observations in 1862. The companion is called Sirius B, and it is the first white dwarf  (an aged type of star) with a spectrum to show a gravitational redshift as predicted by the general theory of relativity.   There are stories floating around that some early civilizations saw this companion without the aid of a telescope. It would have been very hard to see unless the companion was very bright. So, its not clear what the ancients saw. However, current scientists are quite interested in learning more about Sirius A and B. More recent observations with Hubble Space Telescope have measured both of the stars, and revealed that Sirius B is only about the size of Earth, but has the mass close to that of the Sun.   Comparing Sirius Itself to the Sun Sirius A, which is what we see with the naked eye, is about twice as massive as our Sun. It is also 25 times more luminous than our star. Over time, and as it gets closer to the solar system in the far distant fugure, it will also increase in brightness. Thats part of its evolutionary path.  While our Sun is about 4.5 billion years old, Sirius A and B are thought to be no more than 300 million years old and so their story is yet to be told. Why is Sirius Called the Dog Star?   This star has earned the name Dog Star from an interesting time in Earths past. One reason its called that is that its the brightest star in Canis Major. However, theres a more interesting idea about its name: it was also incredibly important to stargazers in the ancient world for its prediction of seasonal change. For example, in the time of the Pharoahs in Egypt, people watched for Sirius to rise just before the Sun did. That marked the season when the Nile would flood, and bathe the nearby farms with mineral-rich silt.  The Egyptians made a ritual of looking for Sirius at the right time- it was that important to their society. The rumor goes that this time of year, typically late summer, came to be known as the Dog Days of summer, particularly in Greece, when people began looking for the Dog star just before sunrise. The Egyptians and Greeks werent the only ones interested in this star. Ocean-going explorers also used it as a celestial marker, helping them navigate around the worlds seas. For example, to the Polynesians, who have been accomplished navigators for centuries, Sirius was known as Aa and it was part of a complex set of navigational star lines the islanders used to voyage up and down the Pacific between Tahitian islands and Hawaii.   Today, Sirius is a favorite of stargazers, and enjoys many mentions in science fiction, song titles, and literature. It appears to twinkle madly, although thats really a function of its light passing through Earths atmosphere, particularly when the star is low on the horizon.      Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Structure Of The Larynx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Structure Of The Larynx - Essay Example The cricoid cartilage in turn is the connecting cartilage that attaches the larynx to the trachea or the air passage. The epiglottis on the other hand, is connected to the thyroid cartilage at its notch. Because of its leaf like shape and position, it "helps to direct food and liquid into the esophagus and to protect the vocal cords and trachea during swallowing" (Milton J. Dance, Jr. Head & Neck Rehabilitation Center, 1999). The skeletal frame of the larynx is systematically supported by the attaching muscles. According to John Hopkins Medicine (n.d.), "the control over these muscles is provided by two branches of the vagus nerve: the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve". These are the extrinsic and intrinsic laryngeal muscles, which are called accordingly because of the position of its attachments. "The extrinsic muscles are described as such because they attach to a site within the larynx and to a site outside of the larynx (such as the hyoid bone jaw, etc.)" (Milton J. Dance, Jr. Head & Neck Rehabilitation Center, 1999). These extrinsic laryngeal muscles are further grouped into the suprahyoid group (above the hyoid bone) and the infrahyoid group (below the hyoid bone).

Book ReviewBrief ReportSocial Systems Analysis Essay

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